入门DirectX 11游戏编程指南

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"Beginning DirectX 11 Game Programming" 是一本由Allen Sherrod和Wendy Jones合著的书籍，由Course Technology PTR（属于Cengage Learning的一部分）出版。这本书旨在引导初学者进入DirectX 11游戏编程的世界，涵盖了一系列与DirectX 11相关的技术和实践。 DirectX 11是微软开发的一套API（应用程序接口），主要用于Windows平台上的多媒体应用，特别是游戏开发和图形渲染。它包含了多个组件，如Direct3D用于3D图形处理，DirectSound和DirectMusic用于音频处理，DirectInput和XInput则提供对输入设备的支持，如键盘、鼠标和游戏手柄。在本书中，读者将学习如何使用Direct3D 11来创建游戏所需的视觉效果，包括3D模型的渲染、光照、纹理映射、深度缓冲以及视口和投影的设置。作者可能会详细解释DirectX 11的核心概念，如顶点缓冲、索引缓冲、状态对象、着色器模型以及渲染管线的工作原理。此外，他们可能还会介绍DirectX Math库，这是一个用于3D数学运算的强大工具，对于编写图形程序至关重要。游戏编程不仅涉及图形技术，还包含游戏逻辑、碰撞检测、物理模拟等。因此，书中的内容可能还会延伸到游戏架构设计，如使用面向对象编程或组件式设计，以及如何组织和管理游戏循环。此外，可能会讨论调试技巧、性能优化和跨平台考虑，因为这些也是实际游戏开发中不可或缺的部分。本书的技术审阅者Wendy Jones参与了内容的审核，确保了技术的准确性和实用性。书中可能还包括一些示例代码和项目，以帮助读者通过实践来巩固理论知识。布局设计、索引编排和校对工作也由专业的团队完成，以提供最佳的阅读体验。 " Beginning DirectX 11 Game Programming" 是一本面向初学者的教程，旨在帮助读者掌握DirectX 11的基本概念和实践技能，从而能够开发出自己的游戏。通过阅读本书，读者将能够逐步了解并掌握DirectX 11在游戏开发中的应用，为他们的编程生涯打下坚实的基础。

hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most

influential software giants in the world.

The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,

which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API

that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-

function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within

graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this

book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware

processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but

since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved

to a point where they have become the star of the API.

In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few

properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so

forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of

that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in

mind if this is their first time learning graphics programming is that the fixed-

function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas

shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem

desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and

set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than

one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion

blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.

Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not

using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders

have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without

shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember

these times well and do not miss them.

Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that

takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level

surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and

combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before

shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the features they provided (such

as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was

impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was

What Is DirectX? 3

DirectX 11 versus OpenGL 4.0

OpenGL has long been considered a rival graphics API to Direct3D. OpenGL

supports platforms outside of Windows-based operating systems, such as Mac

computers, Linux OSs, Apple’s iPhone and iPad, Sony’s Playstation 3 (an

implementation at least), and a variety of mobile devices such as cell phones

and PDAs, along with other platforms. Although the native device creation of

OpenGL can differ from one platform to another, the rest of the API is

considered platform independent, not including the long history of hardware-

specific extensions and feature s from competing entities within the OpenGL

camp. DirectX, on the other hand, is available on the various Windows OSs and

the Xbox game consoles. To be considered DirectX 10 or 11 compatible,

hardware must adhere to a strict compatibility list, whereas prior to DirectX

10 this was not always the case. In the case of OpenGL this often led to vendor-

specific extensions that worked on limited hardware. Incompatibilities within

the hardware market caused rework when trying to achieve the same result on

all supported devices.

The whole Direct3D versus OpenGL debate can often seem like a religious one,

but the fact is that for many years OpenGL has lagged behind Direct3D.

Microsoft has done a great job evolving Direct3D and improving it throughout

the years, but OpenGL has only lagged behind, not keeping its promises as each

new version is released, and time and time again has suffered from the same

problems of yesteryear. When OpenGL 3.0 was first announced, it was thought

that OpenGL would finally move back into a position to rival Direct3D.

Unfortunately, the world of OpenGL has gone through its share of ups and

downs, both within the group behind it and with how the API stacked against

Direct3D, and Direct3D has continued to dominate.

OpenGL 4.0 catches up to many of the publicized features of DirectX 11, most

notably through the support of general-purpose computing using OpenCL and

tessellation, and is positioning itself to be a step closer to the promises that were

never delivered in the past, most notably with OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL 3.0.

Although OpenGL is not out of the race yet, it unfortunately needs a lot of work

to not only truly rival DirectX but also to win back the hearts and minds of

many of us who turned to Direct3D once OpenGL’s faults became too

numerous. Even if the API catches up, the graphics API race is a lot like high

school where the popular kid wins the election.

What Is DirectX? 5

Why Is DirectX Needed?

Before the release of the Windows operating system, developers were writing

games for DOS. This single-threaded, non-GUI operating system provided

developers with a direct path between their application code and the hardware

it was running on. This had both its advantages and problems. For instance,

because there was a direct path between the game code and the hardware,

developers could pull every ounce of power out of the machine, giving them

complete control over how their game performed. The downside included the

need to either write directly to the hardware or use a variety of third-party

libraries for any hardware they wanted their game title to support, including

even common hardware such as video and sound cards.

Video cards were especially confusing because not all video cards followed the

same standard. Even though most video cards supported a series of common

resolutions, developers were forced to access video memory directly. This made

even drawing to the screen difficult. Developers were definitely looking for a

better and easier way.

When Windows 3.1 was released, it carried with it the same limitations that

DOS had. Since Windows ran on top of DOS, it severely limited the resources

available to games and took away the direct access developers had enjoyed for so

long. Most games written to support Windows at the time consisted mainly of

card and board games, while most games continued to support DOS only.

Microsoft released DX1 as a way of enticing developers to make games for

Windows to prove that the OS wasn’t slow and move people away from DOS-

based systems.

Microsoft’s release of Windows 95 didn’t eliminate any of these problems until

the release of DirectX 1, also known as the Windows Games SDK. It gave

developers a single library to write to, placing a common layer between their

game and the PC hardware; drawing graphics to the screen had just become a

whole lot easier. The first version of DirectX still didn ’t provide support for all

the hardware out there, but it was a great starting point in giving game

developers what they had been waiting for. Over the years, there have been

multiple releases of DirectX, each one improving and adding support for new

technologies such as network play, streaming audio, and new kinds of input

6 Chapter 1

The What, Why, and How of DirectX

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