ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 用户指南笔记

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"ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 User's Guide是我的笔记，这是一份官方的英文使用手册，涵盖了软件的详细操作说明。该手册包括了几个关键部分，如手册内容概述、FLUENT系列手册内容、排版约定、数学约定以及技术支持信息。这份指南由ANSYS公司于2011年11月发布，适用于质量管理体系ISO 9001:2008。同时，它强调了版权和商标信息，列出了一系列ANSYS及相关产品的注册商标。此外，还包含免责声明，指出软件产品和文档含有ANSYS及其关联公司或许可方的商业秘密和机密信息，仅供授权使用。" ANSYS FLUENT是广泛应用于流体动力学分析的计算流体力学(CFD)软件，版本14.0的用户指南提供了深入的指导，帮助用户理解和掌握该软件的使用。以下是对该软件主要知识点的详细说明： 1. **用户界面与工作流程**：用户指南会介绍FLUENT的图形用户界面(GUI)，包括如何设置问题参数，网格生成，求解器选择，以及后处理工具的使用。 2. **物理模型**：FLUENT支持多种流体流动和热传递的物理模型，如 Navier-Stokes 方程、粘性流、无粘流、层流、湍流等，以及传热模型如对流、辐射、导热等。 3. **网格系统**：用户可以使用内置的ICEM CFD进行网格划分，包括结构化、非结构化和混合网格。网格的质量对求解结果的精度有很大影响。 4. **边界条件**：设定流体域的入口、出口、壁面和其他边界条件是建模的关键，如速度入口、压力出口、壁面滑移条件等。 5. **求解器**：FLUENT提供了迭代求解器，如SIMPLE和PISO算法，用于耦合速度、压力和浓度场的解耦求解。 6. **湍流模型**：包括RANS（Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes）模型如k-ε、k-ω SST，以及LES（Large Eddy Simulation）模型。 7. **多物理场模拟**：除了流体动力学，FLUENT还可以处理化学反应、燃烧、颗粒运动、多相流等复杂问题。 8. **后处理**：用户可以通过 ParaView 或 FLUENT 自带的工具查看和分析结果，如速度矢量图、温度分布、压力梯度等。 9. **控制方程与数值方法**：理解流体力学问题的控制方程和相应的离散方法（如有限体积法）对于正确解读模拟结果至关重要。 10. **技术支持与学习资源**：官方提供的技术支持和在线资源可以帮助用户解决在使用过程中遇到的问题，如论坛、教程、案例库等。掌握这些知识点将有助于用户有效地利用ANSYS FLUENT 14.0进行各种工程和科研中的流体动力学模拟，从而优化设计、预测性能并进行实验验证。

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7.4.1.3.3. Outlet Boundary ................................................................................................. 364

7.4.1.3.4. Updated Flow Variables ....................................................................................... 366

7.4.1.4. Using Turbo-Specific Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions ........................................... 366

7.4.1.4.1. Using the NRBCs with the Mixing-Plane Model .................................................... 367

7.4.1.4.2. Using the NRBCs in Parallel ANSYS FLUENT .......................................................... 367

7.4.2. General Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions ....................................................................... 368

7.4.2.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 368

7.4.2.2. Restrictions and Limitations ......................................................................................... 368

7.4.2.3.Theory ......................................................................................................................... 368

7.4.2.4. Using General Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions ..................................................... 373

7.5. User-Defined Fan Model ................................................................................................................ 375

7.5.1. Steps for Using the User-Defined Fan Model ......................................................................... 375

7.5.2. Example of a User-Defined Fan ............................................................................................. 376

7.5.2.1. Setting the User-Defined Fan Parameters ..................................................................... 376

7.5.2.2. Sample User-Defined Fan Program ............................................................................... 377

7.5.2.3. Initializing the Flow Field and Profile Files ..................................................................... 379

7.5.2.4. Selecting the Profiles ................................................................................................... 379

7.5.2.5. Performing the Calculation .......................................................................................... 380

7.5.2.6. Results ........................................................................................................................ 381

7.6. Profiles ......................................................................................................................................... 382

7.6.1. Profile Specification Types .................................................................................................... 382

7.6.2. Profile File Format ................................................................................................................ 383

7.6.2.1. Example ...................................................................................................................... 384

7.6.3. Using Profiles ....................................................................................................................... 385

7.6.3.1. Checking and Deleting Profiles .................................................................................... 386

7.6.3.2.Viewing Profile Data ..................................................................................................... 387

7.6.3.3. Example ...................................................................................................................... 387

7.6.4. Reorienting Profiles .............................................................................................................. 388

7.6.4.1. Steps for Changing the Profile Orientation ................................................................... 388

7.6.4.2. Profile Orienting Example ............................................................................................ 391

7.6.5. Defining Transient Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions ......................................................... 393

7.6.5.1. Standard Transient Profiles ........................................................................................... 394

7.6.5.2.Tabular Transient Profiles .............................................................................................. 395

7.7. Coupling Boundary Conditions with GT-Power .............................................................................. 396

7.7.1. Requirements and Restrictions ............................................................................................. 396

7.7.2. User Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 397

7.8. Coupling Boundary Conditions with WAVE .................................................................................... 398

7.8.1. Requirements and Restrictions ............................................................................................. 398

7.8.2. User Inputs ........................................................................................................................... 399

8. Physical Properties .............................................................................................................................. 403

8.1. Defining Materials ......................................................................................................................... 403

8.1.1. Physical Properties for Solid Materials ................................................................................... 404

8.1.2. Material Types and Databases ............................................................................................... 404

8.1.3. Using the Materials Task Page ............................................................................................... 405

8.1.3.1. Modifying Properties of an Existing Material ................................................................. 406

8.1.3.2. Renaming an Existing Material ..................................................................................... 406

8.1.3.3. Copying Materials from the ANSYS FLUENT Database ................................................... 407

8.1.3.4. Creating a New Material ............................................................................................... 408

8.1.3.5. Saving Materials and Properties ................................................................................... 408

8.1.3.6. Deleting a Material ...................................................................................................... 409

8.1.3.7. Changing the Order of the Materials List ...................................................................... 409

8.1.4. Using a User-Defined Materials Database .............................................................................. 409

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8.1.4.1. Opening a User-Defined Database ............................................................................... 410

8.1.4.2.Viewing Materials in a User-Defined Database .............................................................. 410

8.1.4.3. Copying Materials from a User-Defined Database ......................................................... 411

8.1.4.4. Copying Materials from the Case to a User-Defined Database ....................................... 412

8.1.4.5. Modifying Properties of an Existing Material ................................................................. 413

8.1.4.6. Creating a New Materials Database and Materials ......................................................... 413

8.1.4.7. Deleting Materials from a Database .............................................................................. 416

8.2. Defining Properties Using Temperature-Dependent Functions ....................................................... 417

8.2.1. Inputs for Polynomial Functions ............................................................................................ 417

8.2.2. Inputs for Piecewise-Linear Functions ................................................................................... 418

8.2.3. Inputs for Piecewise-Polynomial Functions ............................................................................ 420

8.2.4. Checking and Modifying Existing Profiles .............................................................................. 421

8.3. Density ......................................................................................................................................... 421

8.3.1. Defining Density for Various Flow Regimes ........................................................................... 421

8.3.1.1. Mixing Density Relationships in Multiple-Zone Models ................................................. 421

8.3.2. Input of Constant Density ..................................................................................................... 422

8.3.3. Inputs for the Boussinesq Approximation .............................................................................. 422

8.3.4. Density as a Profile Function of Temperature ......................................................................... 422

8.3.5. Incompressible Ideal Gas Law ............................................................................................... 423

8.3.5.1. Density Inputs for the Incompressible Ideal Gas Law ..................................................... 423

8.3.6. Ideal Gas Law for Compressible Flows ................................................................................... 424

8.3.6.1. Density Inputs for the Ideal Gas Law for Compressible Flows ......................................... 424

8.3.7. Composition-Dependent Density for Multicomponent Mixtures ............................................ 425

8.4. Viscosity ....................................................................................................................................... 426

8.4.1. Input of Constant Viscosity ................................................................................................... 427

8.4.2.Viscosity as a Function of Temperature .................................................................................. 427

8.4.2.1. Sutherland Viscosity Law ............................................................................................. 427

8.4.2.1.1. Inputs for Sutherland’s Law ................................................................................. 428

8.4.2.2. Power-Law Viscosity Law ............................................................................................. 429

8.4.2.2.1. Inputs for the Power Law ..................................................................................... 430

8.4.3. Defining the Viscosity Using Kinetic Theory ........................................................................... 430

8.4.4. Composition-Dependent Viscosity for Multicomponent Mixtures .......................................... 430

8.4.5.Viscosity for Non-Newtonian Fluids ....................................................................................... 431

8.4.5.1.Temperature Dependent Viscosity ................................................................................ 432

8.4.5.2. Power Law for Non-Newtonian Viscosity ....................................................................... 433

8.4.5.2.1. Inputs for the Non-Newtonian Power Law ............................................................ 433

8.4.5.3.The Carreau Model for Pseudo-Plastics ......................................................................... 433

8.4.5.3.1. Inputs for the Carreau Model ............................................................................... 434

8.4.5.4. Cross Model ................................................................................................................ 435

8.4.5.4.1. Inputs for the Cross Model ................................................................................... 435

8.4.5.5. Herschel-Bulkley Model for Bingham Plastics ................................................................ 436

8.4.5.5.1. Inputs for the Herschel-Bulkley Model ................................................................. 437

8.5.Thermal Conductivity .................................................................................................................... 437

8.5.1. Constant Thermal Conductivity ............................................................................................. 438

8.5.2.Thermal Conductivity as a Function of Temperature .............................................................. 439

8.5.3.Thermal Conductivity Using Kinetic Theory ........................................................................... 439

8.5.4. Composition-Dependent Thermal Conductivity for Multicomponent Mixtures ...................... 439

8.5.5. Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity for Solids .......................................................................... 441

8.5.5.1. Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity ................................................................................ 441

8.5.5.2. Biaxial Thermal Conductivity ........................................................................................ 442

8.5.5.3. Orthotropic Thermal Conductivity ................................................................................ 443

8.5.5.4. Cylindrical Orthotropic Thermal Conductivity ............................................................... 445

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ANSYS FLUENT User's Guide

8.6. User-Defined Scalar (UDS) Diffusivity ............................................................................................. 446

8.6.1. Isotropic Diffusion ................................................................................................................ 446

8.6.2. Anisotropic Diffusion ............................................................................................................ 447

8.6.2.1. Anisotropic Diffusivity .................................................................................................. 448

8.6.2.2. Orthotropic Diffusivity ................................................................................................. 449

8.6.2.3. Cylindrical Orthotropic Diffusivity ................................................................................ 450

8.6.3. User-Defined Anisotropic Diffusivity ..................................................................................... 451

8.7. Specific Heat Capacity ................................................................................................................... 452

8.7.1. Input of Constant Specific Heat Capacity ............................................................................... 453

8.7.2. Specific Heat Capacity as a Function of Temperature ............................................................. 453

8.7.3. Defining Specific Heat Capacity Using Kinetic Theory ............................................................ 453

8.7.4. Specific Heat Capacity as a Function of Composition ............................................................. 454

8.8. Radiation Properties ...................................................................................................................... 454

8.8.1. Absorption Coefficient ......................................................................................................... 454

8.8.1.1. Inputs for a Constant Absorption Coefficient ................................................................ 455

8.8.1.2. Inputs for a Composition-Dependent Absorption Coefficient ........................................ 455

8.8.1.2.1. Path Length Inputs .............................................................................................. 455

8.8.1.2.1.1. Inputs for a Non-Gray Radiation Absorption Coefficient ............................... 456

8.8.1.2.1.2. Effect of Particles and Soot on the Absorption Coefficient ........................... 456

8.8.2. Scattering Coefficient ........................................................................................................... 456

8.8.2.1. Inputs for a Constant Scattering Coefficient .................................................................. 456

8.8.2.2. Inputs for the Scattering Phase Function ...................................................................... 456

8.8.2.2.1. Isotropic Phase Function ..................................................................................... 457

8.8.2.2.2. Linear-Anisotropic Phase Function ...................................................................... 457

8.8.2.2.3. Delta-Eddington Phase Function ......................................................................... 457

8.8.2.2.4. User-Defined Phase Function .............................................................................. 457

8.8.3. Refractive Index ................................................................................................................... 457

8.8.4. Reporting the Radiation Properties ....................................................................................... 457

8.9. Mass Diffusion Coefficients ............................................................................................................ 457

8.9.1. Fickian Diffusion ................................................................................................................... 458

8.9.2. Full Multicomponent Diffusion ............................................................................................. 459

8.9.2.1. General Theory ............................................................................................................ 459

8.9.2.2. Maxwell-Stefan Equations ............................................................................................ 459

8.9.3.Thermal Diffusion Coefficients .............................................................................................. 461

8.9.4. Mass Diffusion Coefficient Inputs .......................................................................................... 461

8.9.4.1. Constant Dilute Approximation Inputs ......................................................................... 462

8.9.4.2. Dilute Approximation Inputs ........................................................................................ 462

8.9.4.3. Multicomponent Method Inputs .................................................................................. 463

8.9.4.4. Thermal Diffusion Coefficient Inputs ............................................................................ 465

8.9.5. Mass Diffusion Coefficient Inputs for Turbulent Flow ............................................................. 466

8.10. Standard State Enthalpies ........................................................................................................... 466

8.11. Standard State Entropies ............................................................................................................. 467

8.12. Molecular Heat Transfer Coefficient ............................................................................................. 467

8.13. Kinetic Theory Parameters ........................................................................................................... 467

8.13.1. Inputs for Kinetic Theory ..................................................................................................... 468

8.14. Operating Pressure ..................................................................................................................... 468

8.14.1.The Effect of Numerical Roundoff on Pressure Calculation in Low-Mach-Number Flow ......... 468

8.14.2. Operating Pressure, Gauge Pressure, and Absolute Pressure ................................................. 469

8.14.3. Setting the Operating Pressure ........................................................................................... 469

8.14.3.1.The Significance of Operating Pressure ....................................................................... 469

8.14.3.2. How to Set the Operating Pressure ............................................................................. 469

8.15. Reference Pressure Location ........................................................................................................ 470

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8.15.1. Actual Reference Pressure Location ..................................................................................... 470

8.16. Real Gas Models .......................................................................................................................... 471

8.16.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 471

8.16.2. Choosing a Real Gas Model ................................................................................................. 473

8.16.3. Cubic Equation of State Models .......................................................................................... 474

8.16.3.1. Overview and Limitations .......................................................................................... 474

8.16.3.2. Equation of State ....................................................................................................... 475

8.16.3.3. Enthalpy, Entropy, and Specific Heat Calculations ........................................................ 477

8.16.3.4. Critical Constants for Pure Components ..................................................................... 480

8.16.3.5. Calculations for Mixtures ............................................................................................ 480

8.16.3.5.1. Using the Cubic Equation of State Real Gas Models ............................................ 482

8.16.3.5.2. Solution Strategies and Considerations for Cubic Equations of State Real Gas

Models ............................................................................................................................. 485

8.16.3.5.3. Using the Cubic Equation of State Models with the Lagrangian Dispersed Phase

Models ............................................................................................................................. 486

8.16.3.5.4. Postprocessing the Cubic Equations of State Real Gas Model .............................. 487

8.16.4.The NIST Real Gas Models ................................................................................................... 488

8.16.4.1. Limitations of the NIST Real Gas Models ..................................................................... 488

8.16.4.2.The REFPROP v7.0 Database ....................................................................................... 489

8.16.4.3. Using the NIST Real Gas Models ................................................................................. 490

8.16.4.3.1. Activating the NIST Real Gas Model ................................................................... 490

8.16.4.4. Solution Strategies and Considerations for NIST Real Gas Model Simulation ................ 492

8.16.4.4.1.Writing Your Case File ........................................................................................ 492

8.16.4.4.2. Postprocessing .................................................................................................. 493

8.16.5.The User-Defined Real Gas Model ....................................................................................... 493

8.16.5.1. Limitations of the User-Defined Real Gas Model .......................................................... 493

8.16.5.2.Writing the UDRGM C Function Library ....................................................................... 496

8.16.5.3. Compiling Your UDRGM C Functions and Building a Shared Library File ....................... 498

8.16.5.3.1. Compiling the UDRGM Using the Graphical Interface ......................................... 499

8.16.5.3.2. Compiling the UDRGM Using the Text Interface ................................................. 499

8.16.5.3.3. Loading the UDRGM Shared Library File ............................................................. 500

8.16.5.4. UDRGM Example: Ideal Gas Equation of State ............................................................. 501

8.16.5.4.1. Ideal Gas UDRGM Code Listing .......................................................................... 502

8.16.5.5. Additional UDRGM Examples ..................................................................................... 504

9. Modeling Basic Fluid Flow ................................................................................................................... 505

9.1. User-Defined Scalar (UDS) Transport Equations .............................................................................. 505

9.1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 505

9.1.2. UDS Theory .......................................................................................................................... 505

9.1.2.1. Single Phase Flow ........................................................................................................ 506

9.1.2.2. Multiphase Flow .......................................................................................................... 507

9.1.3. Setting Up UDS Equations in ANSYS FLUENT ......................................................................... 508

9.1.3.1. Single Phase Flow ........................................................................................................ 509

9.1.3.2. Multiphase Flow .......................................................................................................... 513

9.2. Periodic Flows ............................................................................................................................... 514

9.2.1. Overview and Limitations ..................................................................................................... 514

9.2.1.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 515

9.2.1.2. Limitations for Modeling Streamwise-Periodic Flow ...................................................... 515

9.2.2. User Inputs for the Pressure-Based Solver .............................................................................. 516

9.2.2.1. Setting Parameters for the Calculation of β ................................................................... 517

9.2.3. User Inputs for the Density-Based Solvers ............................................................................. 517

9.2.4. Monitoring the Value of the Pressure Gradient ...................................................................... 518

9.2.5. Postprocessing for Streamwise-Periodic Flows ...................................................................... 518

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ANSYS FLUENT User's Guide

9.3. Swirling and Rotating Flows .......................................................................................................... 519

9.3.1. Overview of Swirling and Rotating Flows .............................................................................. 519

9.3.1.1. Axisymmetric Flows with Swirl or Rotation ................................................................... 520

9.3.1.1.1. Momentum Conservation Equation for Swirl Velocity ........................................... 520

9.3.1.2.Three-Dimensional Swirling Flows ................................................................................ 520

9.3.1.3. Flows Requiring a Moving Reference Frame .................................................................. 520

9.3.2.Turbulence Modeling in Swirling Flows ................................................................................. 521

9.3.3. Mesh Setup for Swirling and Rotating Flows .......................................................................... 521

9.3.3.1. Coordinate System Restrictions .................................................................................... 521

9.3.3.2. Mesh Sensitivity in Swirling and Rotating Flows ............................................................ 521

9.3.4. Modeling Axisymmetric Flows with Swirl or Rotation ............................................................ 522

9.3.4.1. Problem Setup for Axisymmetric Swirling Flows ........................................................... 522

9.3.4.2. Solution Strategies for Axisymmetric Swirling Flows ..................................................... 523

9.3.4.2.1. Step-By-Step Solution Procedures for Axisymmetric Swirling Flows ...................... 523

9.3.4.2.2. Improving Solution Stability by Gradually Increasing the Rotational or Swirl

Speed ............................................................................................................................... 524

9.3.4.2.2.1. Postprocessing for Axisymmetric Swirling Flows .......................................... 525

9.4. Compressible Flows ...................................................................................................................... 525

9.4.1.When to Use the Compressible Flow Model ........................................................................... 526

9.4.2. Physics of Compressible Flows .............................................................................................. 527

9.4.2.1. Basic Equations for Compressible Flows ....................................................................... 527

9.4.2.2.The Compressible Form of the Gas Law ........................................................................ 527

9.4.3. Modeling Inputs for Compressible Flows ............................................................................... 528

9.4.3.1. Boundary Conditions for Compressible Flows ............................................................... 529

9.4.4. Floating Operating Pressure ................................................................................................. 529

9.4.4.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 529

9.4.4.2.Theory ......................................................................................................................... 530

9.4.4.3. Enabling Floating Operating Pressure ........................................................................... 530

9.4.4.4. Setting the Initial Value for the Floating Operating Pressure .......................................... 530

9.4.4.5. Storage and Reporting of the Floating Operating Pressure ............................................ 531

9.4.4.6. Monitoring Absolute Pressure ...................................................................................... 531

9.4.5. Solution Strategies for Compressible Flows ........................................................................... 531

9.4.6. Reporting of Results for Compressible Flows ......................................................................... 531

9.5. Inviscid Flows ................................................................................................................................ 532

9.5.1. Setting Up an Inviscid Flow Model ........................................................................................ 532

9.5.2. Solution Strategies for Inviscid Flows .................................................................................... 533

9.5.3. Postprocessing for Inviscid Flows .......................................................................................... 533

10. Modeling Flows with Moving Reference Frames .............................................................................. 535

10.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 535

10.2. Flow in Single Moving Reference Frames (SRF) ............................................................................. 537

10.2.1. Mesh Setup for a Single Moving Reference Frame ............................................................... 538

10.2.2. Setting Up a Single Moving Reference Frame Problem ......................................................... 538

10.2.2.1. Choosing the Relative or Absolute Velocity Formulation ............................................. 541

10.2.2.1.1. Example ............................................................................................................ 541

10.2.3. Solution Strategies for a Single Moving Reference Frame ..................................................... 542

10.2.3.1. Gradual Increase of the Rotational Speed to Improve Solution Stability ....................... 543

10.2.4. Postprocessing for a Single Moving Reference Frame .......................................................... 543

10.3. Flow in Multiple Moving Reference Frames .................................................................................. 544

10.3.1.The Multiple Reference Frame Model .................................................................................. 545

10.3.1.1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 545

10.3.1.2. Limitations ................................................................................................................ 546

10.3.2. The Mixing Plane Model ..................................................................................................... 547

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ANSYS FLUENT User's Guide

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