C++实现:数据结构与算法复杂度详解 - 黑马程序员与浙大课程

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本资源是一份关于"数据结构与算法"的PDF文档,它主要结合了黑马程序员和浙江大学的数据结构课程内容,讲解了C++编程语言中的数据结构和算法基础。以下是部分内容的详细解读: 1. **数据结构导论** - 数据结构研究的是数据元素之间的关系,例如线性数据结构如数组、链表、栈、队列等非线性结构如树和图。这些结构的设计和使用对于算法性能有着重大影响。 2. **算法复杂度分析** - 复杂度是衡量算法效率的关键指标,主要包括时间复杂度和空间复杂度。 - 时间复杂度用大O表示法(O(n)、O(log n)、O(n^2)等)来描述,关注操作数量的最高次项。例如,函数`play01`的时间复杂度为O(n),因为主循环执行了n次,而空间复杂度为O(n),因为需要动态分配一个长度为n的数组。 - 空间复杂度是指算法在运行过程中所需的额外存储空间,如`play01`的空间复杂度随着n增大线性增长,而`play02`的空间复杂度为常数,因为它仅使用了几个固定大小的变量。 3. **空间换时间原则** - 在某些情况下,可以通过牺牲部分存储空间来换取更好的时间效率。例如,`play03`中的算法利用了一个简单的公式直接计算阶乘,无需存储中间结果,因此时间复杂度为O(1),空间复杂度也为O(1)。 4. **示例应用:计数排序** - 提供了一个使用C++实现的示例,`play`函数用于计算1-1000范围内数组中出现次数最多的数字。这里运用了哈希表(如`std::map`)作为缓存,将元素映射到它们出现的次数,然后找到最大值。这种方法的时间复杂度取决于数组长度,但空间复杂度相对较高,为O(1000)。 总结来说,这份文档涵盖了数据结构的基础概念,重点强调了算法设计中时间和空间复杂度分析的重要性,并提供了实际的C++代码示例,展示了如何在实际问题中应用这些理论。这对于学习C++编程和理解算法优化策略是非常有价值的资源。
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matrix.h: Simple matrix class dsexceptions.h: Simple exception classes Fig01_02.cpp: A simple recursive routine with a test program Fig01_03.cpp: An example of infinite recursion Fig01_04.cpp: Recursive routine to print numbers, with a test program Fig01_05.cpp: Simplest IntCell class, with a test program Fig01_06.cpp: IntCell class with a few extras, with a test program IntCell.h: IntCell class interface (Fig 1.7) IntCell.cpp: IntCell class implementation (Fig 1.8) TestIntCell.cpp: IntCell test program (Fig 1.9) (need to compile IntCell.cpp also) Fig01_10.cpp: Illustration of using the vector class Fig01_11.cpp: Dynamically allocating an IntCell object (lame) BuggyIntCell.cpp: Buggy IntCell class implementation (Figs 1.16 and 1.17) Fig01_18.cpp: IntCell class with pointers and Big Five FindMax.cpp: Function template FindMax (Figs 1.19 and 1.20) Fig01_21.cpp: MemoryCell class template without separation Fig01_25.cpp: Using function objects: Case insensitive string comparison LambdaExample.cpp: (Not in the book): rewriting Fig 1.25 with lambdas MaxSumTest.cpp: Various maximum subsequence sum algorithms Fig02_09.cpp: Test program for binary search Fig02_10.cpp: Euclid's algorithm, with a test program Fig02_11.cpp: Recursive exponentiation algorithm, with a test program RemoveEveryOtherItem.cpp: Remove every other item in a collection Vector.h: Vector class List.h: List class BinarySearchTree.h: Binary search tree TestBinarySearchTree.cpp: Test program for binary search tree AvlTree.h: AVL tree TestAvlTree.cpp: Test program for AVL trees mapDemo.cpp: Map demos WordLadder.cpp: Word Ladder Program and Word Changing Utilities SeparateChaining.h: Header file for separate chaining SeparateChaining.cpp: Implementation for separate chaining TestSeparateChaining.cpp: Test program for separate chaining hash tables (need to compile SeparateChaining.cpp also) QuadraticProbing.h: Header file for quadratic probing hash table QuadraticProbing.cpp: Implementation for quadratic probing hash table TestQuadraticProbing.cpp: Test program for quadratic probing hash tables (need to compile QuadraticProbing.cpp also) CuckooHashTable.h: Header file for cuckoo hash table CuckooHashTable.cpp: Implementation for cuckoo hash table TestCuckooHashTable.cpp: Test program for cuckoo hash tables (need to compile CuckooHashTable.cpp also) CaseInsensitiveHashTable.cpp: Case insensitive hash table from STL (Figure 5.23) BinaryHeap.h: Binary heap TestBinaryHeap.cpp: Test program for binary heaps LeftistHeap.h: Leftist heap TestLeftistHeap.cpp: Test program for leftist heaps BinomialQueue.h: Binomial queue TestBinomialQueue.cpp: Test program for binomial queues TestPQ.cpp: Priority Queue Demo Sort.h: A collection of sorting and selection routines TestSort.cpp: Test program for sorting and selection routines RadixSort.cpp: Radix sorts DisjSets.h: Header file for disjoint sets algorithms DisjSets.cpp: Efficient implementation of disjoint sets algorithm TestFastDisjSets.cpp: Test program for disjoint sets algorithm WordLadder.cpp: Word Ladder Program and Word Changing Utilities Fig10_38.cpp: Simple matrix multiplication algorithm with a test program Fig10_40.cpp: Algorithms to compute Fibonacci numbers Fig10_43.cpp: Inefficient recursive algorithm (see text) Fig10_45.cpp: Better algorithm to replace fig10_43.c (see text) Fig10_46.cpp: Dynamic programming algorithm for optimal chain matrix multiplication, with a test program Fig10_53.cpp: All-pairs algorithm, with a test program Random.h: Header file for random number class Random.cpp: Implementation for random number class TestRandom.cpp: Test program for random number class UniformRandom.h: Random number class using standard library Fig10_63.cpp: Randomized primality testing algorithm, with a test program SplayTree.h: Top-down splay tree TestSplayTree.cpp: Test program for splay trees RedBlackTree.h: Top-down red black tree TestRedBlackTree.cpp: Test program for red black trees Treap.h: Treap TestTreap.cpp: Test program for treap SuffixArray.cpp: Suffix array KdTree.cpp: Implementation and test program for k-d trees PairingHeap.h: Pairing heap TestPairingHeap.cpp: Test program for pairing heaps MemoryCell.h: MemoryCell class interface (Appendix) MemoryCell.cpp: MemoryCell class implementation (Appendix) MemoryCellExpand.cpp: MemoryCell instantiation file (Appendix) TestMemoryCell.cpp: MemoryCell test program (Appendix)