SD卡物理层协议规格书3.01版解析

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"SD协议规格书，物理层简化规范，版本3.01，由松下、闪迪和东芝公司联合发布的SD卡协会技术委员会版权，涵盖了从2006年至2010年的修订历史。" SD卡，全称为Secure Digital Memory Card，是一种广泛应用于各种便携式设备的存储卡格式。此规格书主要关注SD卡的物理层协议，这是SD卡通信的基础，它定义了卡片与读卡器之间的电气接口和物理连接标准。在"Physical Layer Simplified Specification"中，我们通常会发现以下关键知识点： 1. **电气特性**：这部分描述了SD卡与主机系统之间的接口信号电平，包括数据线（Data0至Data7）、命令/响应线（CMD）和时钟线（CLK）。它定义了信号的电压范围、上升/下降时间以及抗干扰能力等，以确保在不同环境下的稳定传输。 2. **引脚定义**：SD卡的引脚功能明确，如电源（VCC）、地线（GND）、时钟（CLK）、命令（CMD）、数据（DAT）和卡检测（CD）等。每个引脚的作用和操作模式都在这里详细说明。 3. **工作频率**：SD卡支持多种工作频率，从基础的1MHz到高速模式下的几十MHz甚至更高。版本3.01可能引入了更高效能的传输速率，比如HS200、HS400模式，以满足大数据量和高速传输的需求。 4. **数据传输模式**：SD卡支持单线模式（1-bit SD）和多线模式（4-bit SD），在高版本中可能还包括8-bit模式，提高数据吞吐量。 5. **命令和响应**：规格书中会详细定义SD卡可以接收的命令集，如读写命令、状态查询命令、初始化命令等，以及对应的响应格式和错误处理机制。 6. **错误检测和纠正**：SD卡使用CRC（循环冗余校验）进行错误检测，有时还会包含ECC（错误校正码）来纠正潜在的数据错误，确保数据的完整性。 7. **电源管理**：SD卡的电源管理包括电源启动和关闭序列、低功耗模式以及电压转换等，旨在优化卡片在不同设备上的能耗表现。 8. **热插拔支持**：SD卡设计允许在设备运行时插入或移除，这一特性需要详细规范以防止硬件损坏。 9. **安全特性**：SD卡支持版权保护技术，如 CPRM (Content Protection for Recordable Media) 和 DRM (Digital Rights Management)，以保护存储的数据不被非法访问或复制。 10. **兼容性**：SD卡的物理层规范必须确保与之前的版本兼容，使得新旧设备可以无缝对接。这个3.01版本的更新可能包含了一些性能提升和新功能，例如更快的数据传输速度、新的安全特性或者优化的电源管理策略，这些都是为了适应不断发展的数字设备和存储需求。对于开发者、硬件工程师和系统集成者来说，理解并遵循这些物理层规范是设计兼容SD卡系统的前提。

Physical Layer Simplified Specification Version 3.01

• Protocol attributes of the communication channel:

SD Memory Card Communication Channel

Six-wire communication channel

(clock, command, 4 data lines)

Error-protected data transfer

Single or Multiple block oriented data transfer

• SD Memory Card Form-factor

There are three Part 1 mechanical addenda as follows:

Standard Size SD Memory Card: Specified in "Part 1 Standard Size SD Card Addendum"

miniSD Memory Card: Specified in "Part 1 miniSD Card Addendum"

microSD Memory Card: Specified in "Part 1 microSD Card Addendum"

• Standard Size SD Memory Card thickness is defined as both 2.1 mm (normal) and 1.4 mm (Thin

SD Memory Card).

Physical Layer Simplified Specification Version 3.01

3. SD Memory Card System Concept

Description here is a blank for the Simplified Specification.

3.1 Read-Write Property

In terms of read-write property, two types of SD Memory Cards are defined:

• Read/Write (RW) cards (Flash, One Time Programmable - OTP, Multiple Time Programmable -

MTP). These cards are typically sold as blank (empty) media and are used for mass data storage,

end user video, audio or digital image recording

• Read Only Memory (ROM) cards. These cards are manufactured with fixed data content. They are

typically used as a distribution media for software, audio, video etc.

3.2 Supply Voltage

In terms of operating supply voltage, one type of SD Memory Cards is defined:

• High Voltage SD Memory Cards that can operate within the voltage range of 2.7-3.6 V.

3.3 Card Capacity

3.3.1 User Area and Protected Area

SD Memory Card has two accessible independent areas: User Area and Protected Area. User Area is

main memory area and Protected Area can be accessed by the authentication defined by the Part 3

Security Specification. Card Capacity means the sum of User Area Capacity and Protected Area

Capacity.

3.3.2 Card Capacity Classification

In terms of card capacity, three types of SD Memory Cards are defined:

• Standard Capacity SD Memory Card (SDSC) supports capacity up to and including 2 G bytes (2

bytes). All versions of the Physical Layer Specifications define the Standard Capacity SD Memory

Card.

• High Capacity SD Memory Card (SDHC) supports capacity more than 2 G bytes (2

bytes) up to 32

G bytes and is defined from the Physical Layer Specification Version 2.00.

• Extended Capacity SD Memory Card (SDXC) supports more than 32 G bytes (2

bytes) up to 2TB.

Only hosts that are compliant to the Physical Layer Specification Version 2.00 or later and the File

System Specification Ver2.00 or higher can access High Capacity SD Memory Cards and Extended

Capacity SD Memory Cards. Other hosts fail to initialize High Capacity SD Memory Cards and

Extended Capacity SD Memory Cards.

Only hosts that are compliant to the Physical Layer Specification Version 3.00 or higher and the File

System Specification Ver3.00 or later (exFAT supported) can access Extended Capacity SD Memory

Note:

1. The Part 1 Physical Layer Specification Version 3.00 and Part 2 File System Specification Version

3.00 allow Standard Capacity SD Memory Cards to have capacity up to and including 2 GB, High

Capacity SD Memory Cards to have capacity up to and including 32 GB and Extended Capacity

SD Memory Card to have capacity up to 2 TB.

2. Hosts that can access (read and/or write) SD Memory Cards with a capacity greater than 2 GB

and up to and including 32 GB, shall also be able to access SD Memory Cards with a capacity of

2 GB or less.

3. Hosts that can access (read and/or write) SD Memory Cards with a capacity greater than 32 GB

and up to 2 TB, shall also be able to access SD Memory Cards with a capacity of 32 GB or less.

Physical Layer Simplified Specification Version 3.01

3.6 Bus Protocol

3.6.1 SD Bus

Communication over the SD bus is based on command and data bit streams that are initiated by a start

bit and terminated by a stop bit.

• Command: a command is a token that starts an operation. A command is sent from the host either

to a single card (addressed command) or to all connected cards (broadcast command). A command

is transferred serially on the CMD line.

• Response: a response is a token that is sent from an addressed card, or (synchronously) from all

connected cards, to the host as an answer to a previously received command. A response is

transferred serially on the CMD line.

• Data: data can be transferred from the card to the host or vice versa. Data is transferred via the

data lines.

Figure 3-1: "no response" and "no data" Operations

Card addressing is implemented using a session address, assigned to the card during the initialization

phase. The structure of commands, responses and data blocks is described in Chapter 4. The basic

transaction on the SD bus is the command/response transaction (refer to Figure 3-1). This type of bus

transaction transfers their information directly within the command or response structure. In addition,

some operations have a data token.

Data transfers to/from the SD Memory Card are done in blocks. Data blocks are always succeeded by

CRC bits. Single and multiple block operations are defined. Note that the Multiple Block operation mode

is better for faster write operation. A multiple block transmission is terminated when a stop command

follows on the CMD line. Data transfer can be configured by the host to use single or multiple data lines.

command response

block read operation

data stop operation

CMD

DAT

from

host

to card

stop command

stops data transfer

data from card

to host

from

card

to host

data block crc

data block crc data block crc

multiple block read operation

Figure 3-2: (Multiple) Block Read Operation

The block write operation uses a simple busy signaling of the write operation duration on the DAT0 data

line (see Figure 3-3) regardless of the number of data lines used for transferring the data.

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