C++国际标准ISO/IEC 14882:2003详解：C++编程语言权威指南

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"ISO/IEC 14882:2003 是 C++ 的国际标准文档，正式发布于 2003 年 10 月 15 日，它作为编程语言标准，第二版规定了 C++ 语言的基础特性和行为规范。这份标准由 INCITS（美国信息技术标准委员会）采纳，并被美国国家标准协会 ANSI 接受，其 ANSI 批准日期为 2003 年 12 月 29 日。标准的出版方是 American National Standards Institute（美国国家标准协会），地址位于纽约市。 C++ 语言标准旨在提供一致性、可移植性和可扩展性，确保所有符合该标准的编译器之间都能产生兼容的代码。ISO/IEC 14882:2003 包含了诸如类与对象、模板、异常处理、命名空间、STL（标准模板库）等核心概念的详细说明，这些都是现代 C++ 开发的基础。此外，它还定义了语言的语法规则、类型系统以及程序执行的规则，如构造函数、析构函数和赋值运算符的行为。版权方面，标准材料受到 International Standardization Organization (ISO)、International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)、American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 和 Information Technology Industry Council (ITI) 的共同保护，未经许可，禁止任何形式的复制，包括电子检索。所有关于该标准的请求应直接提交给 ITI，地址位于华盛顿特区。值得注意的是，该文档附带的 PDF 版本可能包含免责声明，这意味着在使用或传播该标准时，必须遵循特定的使用条款和条件。对于那些在 C++ 编程领域遇到疑问或者需要深入理解语言规范的开发者来说，ISO/IEC 14882:2003 是不可或缺的参考资源，它为开发者提供了官方认可的语言指南，确保了代码的正确性和一致性，是编写高质量 C++ 代码的基础。"

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)

21.3.5.8 basic_string::swap ..........................................................................................................403

21.3.6 basic_string string operations ................................................................................................403

21.3.6.1 basic_string::find ..........................................................................................................403

21.3.6.2 basic_string::rfind........................................................................................................404

21.3.6.3 basic_string::find_first_of.....................................................................................404

21.3.6.4 basic_string::find_last_of.......................................................................................405

21.3.6.5 basic_string::find_first_not_of...........................................................................405

21.3.6.6 basic_string::find_last_not_of .............................................................................406

21.3.6.7 basic_string::substr .....................................................................................................406

21.3.6.8 basic_string::compare...................................................................................................406

21.3.7 basic_string non-member functions ......................................................................................407

21.3.7.1 operator+................................................................................................................................407

21.3.7.2 operator== .............................................................................................................................408

21.3.7.3 operator!= .............................................................................................................................408

21.3.7.4 operator<................................................................................................................................409

21.3.7.5 operator>................................................................................................................................409

21.3.7.6 operator<= .............................................................................................................................409

21.3.7.7 operator>= .............................................................................................................................410

21.3.7.8 swap............................................................................................................................................410

21.3.7.9 Inserters and extractors ................................................................................................................410

21.4 Null-terminated sequence utilities .....................................................................................................411

22 Localization library ...............................................................................................................................415

22.1 Locales ...............................................................................................................................................415

22.1.1 Class locale ................................................................................................................................416

22.1.1.1 locale types .............................................................................................................................418

22.1.1.1.1 Type locale::category...................................................................................................418

22.1.1.1.2 Class locale::facet .........................................................................................................420

22.1.1.1.3 Class locale::id.................................................................................................................420

22.1.1.2 locale constructors and destructor ...........................................................................................421

22.1.1.3 locale members .......................................................................................................................422

22.1.1.4 locale operators .......................................................................................................................422

22.1.1.5 locale static members ..............................................................................................................423

22.1.2 locale globals .............................................................................................................................423

22.1.3 Convenience interfaces ...................................................................................................................423

22.1.3.1 Character classification ................................................................................................................423

22.1.3.2 Character conversions ..................................................................................................................424

22.2 Standard locale categories.............................................................................................................424

22.2.1 The ctype category ......................................................................................................................424

22.2.1.1 Class template ctype.................................................................................................................424

22.2.1.1.1 ctype members .......................................................................................................................425

22.2.1.1.2 ctype virtual functions ...........................................................................................................426

22.2.1.2 Class template ctype_byname................................................................................................427

22.2.1.3 ctype specializations .................................................................................................................428

22.2.1.3.1 ctype<char> destructor .......................................................................................................429

22.2.1.3.2 ctype<char> members ........................................................................................................429

22.2.1.3.3 ctype<char> static members ...............................................................................................430

22.2.1.3.4 ctype<char> virtual functions.............................................................................................430

22.2.1.4 Class ctype_byname<char>.........................................................................................................431

22.2.1.5 Class template codecvt............................................................................................................431

22.2.1.5.1 codecvt members ..................................................................................................................432

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)

22.2.1.5.2 codecvt virtual functions ......................................................................................................433

22.2.1.6 Class template codecvt_byname ...........................................................................................435

22.2.2 The numeric category .....................................................................................................................435

22.2.2.1 Class template num_get............................................................................................................435

22.2.2.1.1 num_get members ..................................................................................................................437

22.2.2.1.2 num_get virtual functions ......................................................................................................437

22.2.2.2 Class template num_put............................................................................................................439

22.2.2.2.1 num_put members ..................................................................................................................440

22.2.2.2.2 num_put virtual functions ......................................................................................................440

22.2.3 The numeric punctuation facet .......................................................................................................443

22.2.3.1 Class template numpunct..........................................................................................................443

22.2.3.1.1 numpunct members ...............................................................................................................444

22.2.3.1.2 numpunct virtual functions ....................................................................................................445

22.2.3.2 Class template numpunct_byname.........................................................................................445

22.2.4 The collate category ........................................................................................................................445

22.2.4.1 Class template collate............................................................................................................445

22.2.4.1.1 collate members ..................................................................................................................446

22.2.4.1.2 collate virtual functions ......................................................................................................446

22.2.4.2 Class template collate_byname ...........................................................................................447

22.2.5 The time category ...........................................................................................................................447

22.2.5.1 Class template time_get..........................................................................................................447

22.2.5.1.1 time_get members ...............................................................................................................448

22.2.5.1.2 time_get virtual functions ....................................................................................................449

22.2.5.2 Class template time_get_byname.........................................................................................450

22.2.5.3 Class template time_put..........................................................................................................450

22.2.5.3.1 time_put members ...............................................................................................................451

22.2.5.3.2 time_put virtual functions ....................................................................................................451

22.2.5.4 Class template time_put_byname.........................................................................................451

22.2.6 The monetary category ...................................................................................................................452

22.2.6.1 Class template money_get .......................................................................................................452

22.2.6.1.1 money_get members .............................................................................................................452

22.2.6.1.2 money_get virtual functions .................................................................................................452

22.2.6.2 Class template money_put .......................................................................................................454

22.2.6.2.1 money_put members .............................................................................................................454

22.2.6.2.2 money_put virtual functions .................................................................................................454

22.2.6.3 Class template moneypunct.....................................................................................................455

22.2.6.3.1 moneypunct members ...........................................................................................................456

22.2.6.3.2 moneypunct virtual functions ...............................................................................................456

22.2.6.4 Class template moneypunct_byname....................................................................................457

22.2.7 The message retrieval category.......................................................................................................458

22.2.7.1 Class template messages..........................................................................................................458

22.2.7.1.1 messages members ...............................................................................................................458

22.2.7.1.2 messages virtual functions ....................................................................................................459

22.2.7.2 Class template messages_byname.........................................................................................459

22.2.8 Program-defined facets ...................................................................................................................459

22.3 C Library Locales ..............................................................................................................................463

23 Containers library .................................................................................................................................465

23.1 Container requirements ......................................................................................................................465

23.1.1 Sequences .......................................................................................................................................468

23.1.2 Associative containers ....................................................................................................................471

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)

23.2 Sequences ..........................................................................................................................................474

23.2.1 Class template deque....................................................................................................................477

23.2.1.1 deque constructors, copy, and assignment ................................................................................479

23.2.1.2 deque capacity ...........................................................................................................................480

23.2.1.3 deque modifiers .........................................................................................................................480

23.2.1.4 deque specialized algorithms ....................................................................................................480

23.2.2 Class template list ......................................................................................................................481

23.2.2.1 list constructors, copy, and assignment ...................................................................................483

23.2.2.2 list capacity .............................................................................................................................484

23.2.2.3 list modifiers ...........................................................................................................................484

23.2.2.4 list operations ..........................................................................................................................484

23.2.2.5 list specialized algorithms .......................................................................................................486

23.2.3 Container adaptors ..........................................................................................................................486

23.2.3.1 Class template queue.................................................................................................................486

23.2.3.2 Class template priority_queue ...........................................................................................487

23.2.3.2.1 priority_queue constructors ............................................................................................488

23.2.3.2.2 priority_queue members .................................................................................................488

23.2.3.3 Class template stack.................................................................................................................488

23.2.4 Class template vector .................................................................................................................489

23.2.4.1 vector constructors, copy, and assignment ..............................................................................491

23.2.4.2 vector capacity .........................................................................................................................492

23.2.4.3 vector modifiers.......................................................................................................................492

23.2.4.4 vector specialized algorithms ..................................................................................................493

23.2.5 Class vector<bool>..................................................................................................................493

23.3 Associative containers .......................................................................................................................495

23.3.1 Class template map.........................................................................................................................497

23.3.1.1 map constructors, copy, and assignment .....................................................................................499

23.3.1.2 map element access .....................................................................................................................500

23.3.1.3 map operations ............................................................................................................................500

23.3.1.4 map specialized algorithms .........................................................................................................500

23.3.2 Class template multimap.............................................................................................................500

23.3.2.1 multimap constructors..............................................................................................................503

23.3.2.2 multimap operations ................................................................................................................503

23.3.2.3 multimap specialized algorithms .............................................................................................503

23.3.3 Class template set.........................................................................................................................503

23.3.3.1 set constructors, copy, and assignment .....................................................................................505

23.3.3.2 set specialized algorithms .........................................................................................................506

23.3.4 Class template multiset.............................................................................................................506

23.3.4.1 multiset constructors..............................................................................................................508

23.3.4.2 multiset specialized algorithms .............................................................................................508

23.3.5 Class template bitset .................................................................................................................509

23.3.5.1 bitset constructors ..................................................................................................................510

23.3.5.2 bitset members .......................................................................................................................511

23.3.5.3 bitset operators .......................................................................................................................514

24 Iterators library .....................................................................................................................................515

24.1 Iterator requirements ..........................................................................................................................515

24.1.1 Input iterators ..................................................................................................................................516

24.1.2 Output iterators ...............................................................................................................................517

24.1.3 Forward iterators .............................................................................................................................518

24.1.4 Bidirectional iterators .....................................................................................................................519

24.1.5 Random access iterators..................................................................................................................519

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)

24.2 Header <iterator> synopsis ........................................................................................................520

24.3 Iterator primitives ..............................................................................................................................522

24.3.1 Iterator traits....................................................................................................................................522

24.3.2 Basic iterator ...................................................................................................................................523

24.3.3 Standard iterator tags ......................................................................................................................524

24.3.4 Iterator operations ...........................................................................................................................525

24.4 Predefined iterators ............................................................................................................................525

24.4.1 Reverse iterators .............................................................................................................................525

24.4.1.1 Class template reverse_iterator ......................................................................................526

24.4.1.2 reverse_iterator requirements .........................................................................................527

24.4.1.3 reverse_iterator operations .............................................................................................527

24.4.1.3.1 reverse_iterator constructor .........................................................................................527

24.4.1.3.2 Conversion ................................................................................................................................527

24.4.1.3.3 operator*.............................................................................................................................527

24.4.1.3.4 operator-> ..........................................................................................................................528

24.4.1.3.5 operator++ ..........................................................................................................................528

24.4.1.3.6 operator-- ..........................................................................................................................528

24.4.1.3.7 operator+.............................................................................................................................528

24.4.1.3.8 operator+= ..........................................................................................................................528

24.4.1.3.9 operator-.............................................................................................................................529

24.4.1.3.10 operator-= ........................................................................................................................529

24.4.1.3.11 operator[] ........................................................................................................................529

24.4.1.3.12 operator== ........................................................................................................................529

24.4.1.3.13 operator<...........................................................................................................................529

24.4.1.3.14 operator!= ........................................................................................................................529

24.4.1.3.15 operator>...........................................................................................................................529

24.4.1.3.16 operator>= ........................................................................................................................530

24.4.1.3.17 operator<= ........................................................................................................................530

24.4.1.3.18 operator-...........................................................................................................................530

24.4.1.3.19 operator+...........................................................................................................................530

24.4.2 Insert iterators .................................................................................................................................530

24.4.2.1 Class template back_insert_iterator.............................................................................531

24.4.2.2 back_insert_iterator operations ....................................................................................531

24.4.2.2.1 back_insert_iterator constructor ...............................................................................531

24.4.2.2.2 back_insert_iterator::operator=........................................................................531

24.4.2.2.3 back_insert_iterator::operator*........................................................................531

24.4.2.2.4 back_insert_iterator::operator++......................................................................531

24.4.2.2.5 back_inserter ...................................................................................................................532

24.4.2.3 Class template front_insert_iterator ..........................................................................532

24.4.2.4 front_insert_iterator operations .................................................................................532

24.4.2.4.1 front_insert_iterator constructor .............................................................................532

24.4.2.4.2 front_insert_iterator::operator=......................................................................532

24.4.2.4.3 front_insert_iterator::operator*......................................................................532

24.4.2.4.4 front_insert_iterator::operator++ ...................................................................533

24.4.2.4.5 front_inserter.................................................................................................................533

24.4.2.5 Class template insert_iterator.........................................................................................533

24.4.2.6 insert_iterator operations ................................................................................................533

24.4.2.6.1 insert_iterator constructor ...........................................................................................533

24.4.2.6.2 insert_iterator::operator=....................................................................................533

24.4.2.6.3 insert_iterator::operator*....................................................................................534

24.4.2.6.4 insert_iterator::operator++..................................................................................534

24.4.2.6.5 inserter ...............................................................................................................................534

ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)

24.5 Stream iterators ..................................................................................................................................534

24.5.1 Class template istream_iterator .........................................................................................534

24.5.1.1 istream_iterator constructors and destructor ...................................................................535

24.5.1.2 istream_iterator operations .............................................................................................535

24.5.2 Class template ostream_iterator .........................................................................................536

24.5.2.1 ostream_iterator constructors and destructor ...................................................................537

24.5.2.2 ostream_iterator operations .............................................................................................537

24.5.3 Class template istreambuf_iterator ..................................................................................537

24.5.3.1 Class template istreambuf_iterator::proxy ..............................................................538

24.5.3.2 istreambuf_iterator constructors ...................................................................................539

24.5.3.3 istreambuf_iterator::operator* .............................................................................539

24.5.3.4 istreambuf_iterator::operator++...........................................................................539

24.5.3.5 istreambuf_iterator::equal.......................................................................................539

24.5.3.6 operator== .............................................................................................................................539

24.5.3.7 operator!= .............................................................................................................................539

24.5.4 Class template ostreambuf_iterator ..................................................................................540

24.5.4.1 ostreambuf_iterator constructors ...................................................................................540

24.5.4.2 ostreambuf_iterator operations ......................................................................................540

25 Algorithms library ................................................................................................................................543

25.1 Non-modifying sequence operations .................................................................................................551

25.1.1 For each ..........................................................................................................................................551

25.1.2 Find .................................................................................................................................................552

25.1.3 Find End..........................................................................................................................................552

25.1.4 Find First.........................................................................................................................................552

25.1.5 Adjacent find ..................................................................................................................................553

25.1.6 Count...............................................................................................................................................553

25.1.7 Mismatch ........................................................................................................................................553

25.1.8 Equal ...............................................................................................................................................554

25.1.9 Search .............................................................................................................................................554

25.2 Mutating sequence operations ...........................................................................................................555

25.2.1 Copy ................................................................................................................................................555

25.2.2 Swap ...............................................................................................................................................555

25.2.3 Transform .......................................................................................................................................556

25.2.4 Replace ...........................................................................................................................................556

25.2.5 Fill ...................................................................................................................................................557

25.2.6 Generate ..........................................................................................................................................557

25.2.7 Remove ...........................................................................................................................................557

25.2.8 Unique.............................................................................................................................................558

25.2.9 Reverse ...........................................................................................................................................558

25.2.10 Rotate ............................................................................................................................................559

25.2.11 Random shuffle .............................................................................................................................559

25.2.12 Partitions .......................................................................................................................................560

25.3 Sorting and related operations ...........................................................................................................560

25.3.1 Sorting.............................................................................................................................................561

25.3.1.1 sort............................................................................................................................................561

25.3.1.2 stable_sort...........................................................................................................................561

25.3.1.3 partial_sort.........................................................................................................................561

25.3.1.4 partial_sort_copy.............................................................................................................562

25.3.2 Nth element .....................................................................................................................................562

25.3.3 Binary search ..................................................................................................................................562

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