Java EE 7企业应用开发教程

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本章节是《Java EE 7教程》（E39031-01），发布于2013年9月，是针对Java EE平台的第七版教程。Java EE 7是企业级应用开发的重要里程碑，它旨在为企业级软件架构提供全面的支持，包括Web服务、企业服务总线(EJB)、Java Persistence API (JPA)、Java Servlet和JavaServer Faces (JSF)等技术。在这个教程中，主要作者包括Eric Jendrock、Ricardo Cervera-Navarro、Ian Evans、Devika Gollapudi、Kim Haase、William Markito以及Chinmayee Srivathsa，他们共同编撰了这个深入浅出的指南。教程涵盖了广泛的Java Enterprise Edition（Java EE）概念和技术，适合已经熟悉Java基础的开发者深入了解和提升在企业级应用开发中的技能。 Java EE 7教程强调了企业应用程序的模块化设计，它鼓励组件间的松耦合和高内聚性，以便于维护和扩展。主要内容可能包括： 1. **Java EE容器**：如Servlet容器（Tomcat、WebLogic或WebSphere等）管理和部署企业应用程序。 2. **Java Servlets**：用于处理HTTP请求，实现服务器端动态内容和业务逻辑。 3. **JavaServer Faces (JSF)**：用于构建用户界面，提供交互式的用户体验。 4. **Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB)**：面向对象的组件模型，支持分布式应用程序的业务逻辑和数据管理。 5. **Java Persistence API (JPA)**：ORM(对象关系映射)框架，简化数据库操作和持久化管理。 6. **Java Message Service (JMS)**：消息队列服务，用于异步通信和解耦组件。 7. **Enterprise Application Architecture**：如何设计和实现企业级系统的分层结构，包括业务逻辑层、表示层和数据访问层。 8. **安全性与认证授权**：如何在Java EE环境中实现用户身份验证、授权和数据加密。 9. **Web Services**：使用Java EE构建可互操作的服务，支持SOAP和RESTful风格。 10. **模块化和部署**：如何将应用程序划分为独立的模块，便于管理和部署。此外，由于版权原因，该教程中的内容受到许可证协议的约束，未经许可，用户不能随意复制、修改或公开分享。若发现任何错误，应按照提供的联系方式向Oracle或其他相关方报告。《Java EE 7教程》为Java开发者提供了一套全面的工具和指导，帮助他们在企业级应用开发中实践和掌握Java EE技术，确保软件的高效、稳定和可维护性。随着云计算和微服务架构的发展，学习和掌握Java EE 7对现代软件工程师来说至关重要。

xvi

20.2.3 Retrieving Localized Messages....................................................................................... 20-3

20.3 Date and Number Formatting................................................................................................ 20-4

20.4 Character Sets and Encodings................................................................................................ 20-4

20.4.1 Character Sets.................................................................................................................... 20-4

20.4.2 Character Encoding.......................................................................................................... 20-5

Part IV Bean Validation

21 Introduction to Bean Validation

21.1 Using Bean Validation Constraints ....................................................................................... 21-1

21.2 Validating Null and Empty Strings....................................................................................... 21-4

21.3 Validating Constructors and Methods ................................................................................. 21-5

21.3.1 Cross-Parameter Constraints .......................................................................................... 21-5

21.3.2 Identifying Parameter Constraint Violations ............................................................... 21-6

21.3.3 Adding Constraints to Method Return Values ............................................................ 21-6

22 Bean Validation: Advanced Topics

22.1 Creating Custom Constraints................................................................................................. 22-1

22.1.1 Using the Built-In Constraints to Make a New Constraint......................................... 22-1

22.1.2 Removing Ambiguity in Constraint Targets ................................................................ 22-2

22.2 Customizing Validator Messages.......................................................................................... 22-2

22.2.1 The ValidationMessages Resource Bundle ................................................................... 22-2

22.2.1.1 Localizing Validation Messages.............................................................................. 22-2

22.3 Grouping Constraints............................................................................................................. 22-3

22.3.1 Customizing Group Validation Order .......................................................................... 22-3

22.4 Using Method Constraints in Type Hierarchies.................................................................. 22-3

22.4.1 Rules for Using Method Constraints in Type Hierarchies ......................................... 22-5

Part V Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE

23 Introduction to Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE

23.1 Getting Started.......................................................................................................................... 23-2

23.2 Overview of CDI...................................................................................................................... 23-3

23.3 About Beans.............................................................................................................................. 23-4

23.4 About CDI Managed Beans.................................................................................................... 23-4

23.5 Beans as Injectable Objects...................................................................................................... 23-5

23.6 Using Qualifiers ....................................................................................................................... 23-5

23.7 Injecting Beans.......................................................................................................................... 23-6

23.8 Using Scopes............................................................................................................................. 23-7

23.9 Giving Beans EL Names.......................................................................................................... 23-8

23.10 Adding Setter and Getter Methods ....................................................................................... 23-9

23.11 Using a Managed Bean in a Facelets Page............................................................................ 23-9

23.12 Injecting Objects by Using Producer Methods .................................................................. 23-10

23.13 Configuring a CDI Application ........................................................................................... 23-10

23.14 Using the @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy Annotations With CDI Managed Bean Classes

23-11

xvii

23.14.1 To Initialize a Managed Bean Using the @PostConstruct Annotation ................... 23-11

23.14.2 To Prepare for the Destruction of a Managed Bean Using the @PreDestroy Annotation

23-11

23.15 Further Information about CDI ........................................................................................... 23-12

24 Running the Basic Contexts and Dependency Injection Examples

24.1 The simplegreeting CDI Example ......................................................................................... 24-1

24.1.1 The simplegreeting Source Files..................................................................................... 24-1

24.1.2 The Facelets Template and Page..................................................................................... 24-2

24.1.3 Running the simplegreeting Example ........................................................................... 24-3

24.1.3.1 To Build, Package, and Run the simplegreeting Example Using NetBeans IDE........

24-3

24.1.3.2 To Build, Package, and Deploy the simplegreeting Example Using Maven .... 24-4

24.1.3.3 To Run the simplegreeting Example ...................................................................... 24-4

24.2 The guessnumber-cdi CDI Example ..................................................................................... 24-4

24.2.1 The guessnumber-cdi Source Files................................................................................. 24-4

24.2.1.1 The @MaxNumber and @Random Qualifier Interfaces....................................... 24-5

24.2.1.2 The Generator Managed Bean................................................................................. 24-6

24.2.1.3 The UserNumberBean Managed Bean................................................................... 24-6

24.2.2 The Facelets Page.............................................................................................................. 24-8

24.2.3 Running the guessnumber-cdi Example..................................................................... 24-10

24.2.3.1 To Build, Package, and Deploy the guessnumber-cdi Example Using NetBeans

IDE 24-10

24.2.3.2 To Build, Package, and Deploy the guessnumber-cdi Example Using Maven...........

24-10

24.2.3.3 To Run the guessnumber Example....................................................................... 24-10

25 Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE: Advanced Topics

25.1 Packaging CDI Applications.................................................................................................. 25-1

25.2 Using Alternatives in CDI Applications............................................................................... 25-2

25.2.1 Using Specialization......................................................................................................... 25-3

25.3 Using Producer Methods, Producer Fields, and Disposer Methods in CDI Applications ......

25-4

25.3.1 Using Producer Methods................................................................................................. 25-4

25.3.2 Using Producer Fields to Generate Resources ............................................................. 25-5

25.3.3 Using a Disposer Method................................................................................................ 25-5

25.4 Using Predefined Beans in CDI Applications...................................................................... 25-5

25.5 Using Events in CDI Applications......................................................................................... 25-7

25.5.1 Defining Events................................................................................................................. 25-7

25.5.2 Using Observer Methods to Handle Events ................................................................. 25-7

25.5.3 Firing Events...................................................................................................................... 25-8

25.6 Using Interceptors in CDI Applications ............................................................................... 25-9

25.7 Using Decorators in CDI Applications ............................................................................... 25-11

25.8 Using Stereotypes in CDI Applications.............................................................................. 25-12

xviii

26 Running the Advanced Contexts and Dependency Injection Examples

26.1 The encoder Example: Using Alternatives........................................................................... 26-1

26.1.1 The Coder Interface and Implementations ................................................................... 26-1

26.1.2 The encoder Facelets Page and Managed Bean............................................................ 26-2

26.1.3 Running the encoder Example........................................................................................ 26-3

26.1.3.1 To Build, Package, and Deploy the encoder Example Using NetBeans IDE.... 26-3

26.1.3.2 To Run the encoder Example Using NetBeans IDE ............................................. 26-4

26.1.3.3 To Build, Package, and Deploy the encoder Example Using Maven ................ 26-4

26.1.3.4 To Run the encoder Example Using Maven.......................................................... 26-5

26.2 The producermethods Example: Using a Producer Method To Choose a Bean

Implementation 26-5

26.2.1 Components of the producermethods Example .......................................................... 26-6

26.2.2 Running the producermethods Example...................................................................... 26-7

26.2.2.1 To Build, Package, and Deploy the producermethods Example Using NetBeans

IDE 26-7

26.2.2.2 To Build, Package, and Deploy the producermethods Example Using Maven 26-7

26.2.2.3 To Run the producermethods Example ................................................................. 26-7

26.3 The producerfields Example: Using Producer Fields to Generate Resources ................ 26-8

26.3.1 The Producer Field for the producerfields Example ................................................... 26-8

26.3.2 The producerfields Entity and Session Bean ................................................................ 26-9

26.3.3 The producerfields Facelets Pages and Managed Bean ............................................ 26-10

26.3.4 Running the producerfields Example.......................................................................... 26-12

26.3.4.1 To Build, Package, and Deploy the producerfields Example Using NetBeans IDE...

26-12

26.3.4.2 To Build, Package, and Deploy the producerfields Example Using Maven... 26-12

26.3.4.3 To Run the producerfields Example..................................................................... 26-13

26.4 The billpayment Example: Using Events and Interceptors ............................................. 26-13

26.4.1 The PaymentEvent Event Class.................................................................................... 26-13

26.4.2 The PaymentHandler Event Listener .......................................................................... 26-14

26.4.3 The billpayment Facelets Pages and Managed Bean................................................. 26-14

26.4.4 The LoggedInterceptor Interceptor Class ................................................................... 26-16

26.4.5 Running the billpayment Example .............................................................................. 26-17

26.4.5.1 To Build, Package, and Deploy the billpayment Example Using NetBeans IDE........

26-17

26.4.5.2 To Build, Package, and Deploy the billpayment Example Using Maven ....... 26-17

26.4.5.3 To Run the billpayment Example.......................................................................... 26-18

26.5 The decorators Example: Decorating a Bean ..................................................................... 26-18

26.5.1

Components of the decorators Example ..................................................................... 26-19

26.5.2 Running the decorators Example ................................................................................. 26-19

26.5.2.1 To Build, Package, and Deploy the decorators Example Using NetBeans IDE ..........

26-19

26.5.2.2 To Build, Package, and Deploy the decorators Example Using Maven.......... 26-20

26.5.2.3 To Run the decorators Example ............................................................................ 26-20

Part VI Web Services

xix

27 Introduction to Web Services

27.1 What Are Web Services?......................................................................................................... 27-1

27.2 Types of Web Services............................................................................................................. 27-1

27.2.1 "Big" Web Services............................................................................................................ 27-1

27.2.2 RESTful Web Services ...................................................................................................... 27-2

27.3 Deciding Which Type of Web Service to Use ...................................................................... 27-3

28 Building Web Services with JAX-WS

28.1 Creating a Simple Web Service and Clients with JAX-WS ................................................ 28-2

28.1.1 Requirements of a JAX-WS Endpoint............................................................................ 28-2

28.1.2 Coding the Service Endpoint Implementation Class .................................................. 28-3

28.1.3 Building, Packaging, and Deploying the Service......................................................... 28-4

28.1.3.1 To Build, Package, and Deploy the Service Using NetBeans IDE...................... 28-4

28.1.3.2 To Build, Package, and Deploy the Service Using Maven .................................. 28-4

28.1.4 Testing the Methods of a Web Service Endpoint......................................................... 28-4

28.1.4.1 To Test the Service without a Client....................................................................... 28-4

28.1.5 A Simple JAX-WS Application Client............................................................................ 28-5

28.1.5.1 Coding the Application Client................................................................................. 28-5

28.1.5.2 Running the Application Client .............................................................................. 28-6

28.1.6 A Simple JAX-WS Web Client ........................................................................................ 28-6

28.1.6.1 Coding the Servlet..................................................................................................... 28-6

28.1.6.2 Running the Web Client ........................................................................................... 28-8

28.2 Types Supported by JAX-WS................................................................................................. 28-8

28.2.1 Schema-to-Java Mapping................................................................................................. 28-9

28.2.2 Java-to-Schema Mapping................................................................................................. 28-9

28.3 Web Services Interoperability and JAX-WS....................................................................... 28-10

28.4 Further Information about JAX-WS .................................................................................... 28-10

29 Building RESTful Web Services with JAX-RS

29.1 What Are RESTful Web Services? ......................................................................................... 29-1

29.2 Creating a RESTful Root Resource Class.............................................................................. 29-2

29.2.1 Developing RESTful Web Services with JAX-RS......................................................... 29-2

29.2.2 Overview of a JAX-RS Application................................................................................ 29-3

29.2.3 The @Path Annotation and URI Path Templates......................................................... 29-5

29.2.4 Responding to HTTP Methods and Requests .............................................................. 29-6

29.2.4.1 The Request Method Designator Annotations...................................................... 29-7

29.2.4.2 Using Entity Providers to Map HTTP Response and Request Entity Bodies... 29-8

29.2.5 Using @Consumes and @Produces to Customize Requests and Responses ........... 29-9

29.2.5.1 The @Produces Annotation...................................................................................... 29-9

29.2.5.2 The @Consumes Annotation.................................................................................. 29-10

29.2.6 Extracting Request Parameters..................................................................................... 29-11

29.2.7 Configuring JAX-RS Applications................................................................................ 29-14

29.2.7.1 Configuring a JAX-RS Application using a Sub-Class of Application ............ 29-14

29.2.7.2 Configuring the Base URI In web.xml.................................................................. 29-15

29.3 Example Applications for JAX-RS....................................................................................... 29-15

29.3.1 Creating A Simple RESTful Web Service.................................................................... 29-15

29.3.1.1 To Create a RESTful Web Service Using NetBeans IDE.................................... 29-15

29.3.2 The rsvp Example Application..................................................................................... 29-16

29.3.2.1 Components of the rsvp Example Application................................................... 29-16

29.3.2.2 Running the rsvp Example Application............................................................... 29-17

29.3.3 Real-World Examples..................................................................................................... 29-18

29.4 Further Information about JAX-RS...................................................................................... 29-18

30 Accessing REST Resources with the JAX-RS Client API

30.1 Overview of the Client API .................................................................................................... 30-1

30.1.1 Creating a Basic Client Request using the Client API................................................. 30-1

30.1.1.1 Obtaining the Client Instance .................................................................................. 30-2

30.1.1.2 Setting the Client Target........................................................................................... 30-2

30.1.1.3 Setting Path Parameters in Targets......................................................................... 30-2

30.1.1.4 Invoking the Request ................................................................................................ 30-3

30.2 Using the Client API in the JAX-RS Example Applications .............................................. 30-4

30.2.1 The Client API in the

rsvp

Example Application ........................................................ 30-4

30.2.2 The Client API in the

customer

Example Application................................................ 30-5

30.3 Advanced Features of the Client API ................................................................................... 30-6

30.3.1 Configuring the Client Request...................................................................................... 30-7

30.3.1.1 Setting Message Headers in the Client Request.................................................... 30-7

30.3.1.2 Setting Cookies in the Client Request..................................................................... 30-7

30.3.1.3 Adding Filters to the Client...................................................................................... 30-8

30.3.2 Asynchronous Invocations in the Client API ............................................................... 30-9

30.3.2.1 Using Custom Callbacks in Asynchronous Invocations...................................... 30-9

31 JAX-RS: Advanced Topics and Example

31.1 Annotations for Field and Bean Properties of Resource Classes ...................................... 31-1

31.1.1 Extracting Path Parameters............................................................................................. 31-2

31.1.2 Extracting Query Parameters.......................................................................................... 31-2

31.1.3 Extracting Form Data....................................................................................................... 31-3

31.1.4 Extracting the Java Type of a Request or Response..................................................... 31-3

31.2 Validating Resource Data with Bean Validation................................................................. 31-4

31.2.1 Using Constraint Annotations on Resource Methods................................................. 31-4

31.2.2 Validating Entity Data ..................................................................................................... 31-5

31.2.3 Validation Exception Handling and Response Codes ................................................ 31-6

31.3 Subresources and Runtime Resource Resolution................................................................ 31-7

31.3.1 Subresource Methods....................................................................................................... 31-7

31.3.2 Subresource Locators ....................................................................................................... 31-7

31.4 Integrating JAX-RS with EJB Technology and CDI ............................................................ 31-8

31.5 Conditional HTTP Requests................................................................................................... 31-9

31.6 Runtime Content Negotiation.............................................................................................. 31-10

31.7 Using JAX-RS With JAXB ..................................................................................................... 31-11

31.7.1 Using Java Objects to Model Your Data...................................................................... 31-13

31.7.2 Starting from an Existing XML Schema Definition ................................................... 31-14

31.7.3 Using JSON with JAX-RS and JAXB ............................................................................ 31-16

31.8 The customer Example Application.................................................................................... 31-17

31.8.1 Overview of the customer Example Application....................................................... 31-17

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