Python Flask Web开发：2018版指南

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"Flask Web Development 2nd Edition（2018版）.Pdf" 是一本关于使用Python的Flask框架进行Web应用开发的指南。作者Miguel Grinberg在书中详细阐述了如何利用Flask这个轻量级的Web框架来构建功能完备的Web应用程序。这本书针对的是对Python有一定了解并希望深入学习Web开发的读者。 Flask是Python的一个微型Web框架，它以简洁和模块化著称，允许开发者以灵活的方式构建Web应用。在第二版中，作者更新了与最新版本Flask相关的知识，确保读者能够掌握最新的开发技巧和最佳实践。书中的内容涵盖了从基础概念到高级主题的全面指导，包括： 1. **Flask基础**：介绍如何安装Flask、设置基本的项目结构，以及如何创建路由和视图函数来处理HTTP请求。 2. **模板引擎Jinja2**：详细讲解如何使用Jinja2来编写动态HTML页面，包括变量、控制流、过滤器、宏和继承等特性。 3. **数据库集成**：涵盖如何使用SQLAlchemy，Python的ORM库，来操作关系型数据库，包括模型定义、查询和事务管理。 4. **表单处理**：介绍WTForms库，用于处理用户输入，验证数据，以及创建复杂的表单元素。 5. **错误处理和日志记录**：讨论如何有效地处理程序中的错误，以及如何设置日志系统来追踪应用程序的运行情况。 6. **RESTful API设计**：讲解如何利用Flask构建符合REST原则的API，包括状态码、HTTP方法和资源的表示。 7. **用户认证和授权**：探讨如何实现用户注册、登录、会话管理，以及基于角色的权限控制。 8. **测试和调试**：介绍如何编写单元测试和集成测试，以及如何使用调试工具来查找和修复代码中的问题。 9. **部署策略**：讲解如何将开发完成的应用部署到各种环境，如本地服务器、云平台，以及使用Gunicorn和uWSGI等WSGI服务器。 10. **性能优化**：讨论如何通过缓存、异步任务和负载均衡来提高应用性能。 11. **扩展和插件**：介绍了一些流行的Flask扩展，如Flask-SQLAlchemy、Flask-WTF和Flask-RESTful，它们可以扩展Flask的功能。这本书适合Python开发者、Web开发者，尤其是那些想要了解和掌握Flask框架的初学者或进阶者。通过阅读本书，读者不仅能学习到Flask的用法，还能了解到Web开发的通用原则和最佳实践，从而提升Web开发技能。

The git clone command installs the source code from GitHub into a asky2 folder

that is created in the current directory. This folder does not contain just source code;

a copy of the Git repository with the entire history of changes made to the application

is also included.

In the first chapter you will be asked to check out the initial release of the application,

and then, at the proper places, you will be instructed to move forward in the history.

The Git command that lets you move through the change history is git checkout.

Here is an example:

$ git checkout 1a

The 1a referenced in the command is a tag: a named point in the commit history of

the project. This repository is tagged according to the chapters of the book, so the 1a

tag used in the example sets the application files to the initial version used in Chap‐

ter 1. Most chapters have more than one tag associated with them, so, for example,

tags 5a, 5b, and so on are incremental versions presented in Chapter 5.

When you run a git checkout command as just shown, Git will display a warning

message that informs you that you are in a “detached HEAD” state. This means that

you are not in any specific code branch that can accept new commits, but instead are

looking at a particular commit in the middle of the change history of the project.

There is no reason to be alarmed by this message, but you should keep in mind that if

you make modifications to any files while in this state, issuing another git checkout

is going to fail, because Git will not know what to do with the changes you’ve made.

So, to be able to continue working with the project you will need to revert the files

that you changed back to their original state. The easiest way to do this is with the git

reset command:

$ git reset --hard

This command will destroy any local changes you have made, so you should save

anything you don’t want to lose before you use this command.

As well as checking out the source files for a version of the application, at certain

points you will need to perform additional setup tasks. For example, in some cases

you will need to install new Python packages, or apply updates to the database. You

will be told when these are necessary.

From time to time, you may want to refresh your local repository from the one on

GitHub, where bug fixes and improvements may have been applied. The commands

that achieve this are:

$ git fetch --all

$ git fetch --tags

$ git reset --hard origin/master

xiv | Preface

The git fetch commands are used to update the commit history and the tags in

your local repository from the remote one on GitHub, but none of this affects the

actual source files, which are updated with the git reset command that follows.

Once again, be aware that any time git reset is used you will lose any local changes

you have made.

Another useful operation is to view all the differences between two versions of the

application. This can be very useful to understand a change in detail. From the com‐

mand line, the git diff command can do this. For example, to see the difference

between revisions 2a and 2b, use:

$ git diff 2a 2b

The differences are shown as a patch, which is not a very intuitive format to review

changes if you are not used to working with patch files. You may find that the graphi‐

cal comparisons shown by GitHub are much easier to read. For example, the differ‐

ences between revisions 2a and 2b can be viewed on GitHub at https://github.com/

miguelgrinberg/asky/compare/2a...2b.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered

with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not

need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of

the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this

book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples

from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this

book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a signifi‐

cant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does

require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the

title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Flask Web Development, 2nd Edition,

978-1-491-99173-2.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given

above, feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Italic

Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.

Preface | xv

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