Vulkan入门教程：从实例到渲染全过程详解

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Vulkan教程英文版是一份全面介绍Vulkan图形渲染API的指南，由Alexander Overvoorde编写，发布于2018年8月。该教程旨在帮助开发者理解并掌握Vulkan，这是一种高性能、低开销的跨平台图形API，特别适合需要极致性能的游戏和图形密集型应用。教程内容分为五个主要部分： 1. **Introduction** 开篇介绍了Vulkan的背景和教程结构，概述了为什么选择Vulkan以及如何组织学习过程。 2. **Overview** 部分详细讲述了Vulkan的起源，重点在于解释什么是Vulkan以及它如何帮助程序绘制一个三角形。从实例和物理设备的选择，到逻辑设备、队列家族、窗口表面和交换链的设置，逐步展开。 - **Steps:** 这部分包括关键步骤，如： - **Step 1**: 选择实例和物理设备，这是创建Vulkan上下文的基础。 - **Step 2**: 创建逻辑设备和队列，用于执行渲染操作。 - **Step 3**: 设置窗口和帧缓冲，确保图形与操作系统交互。 - **Step 4**: 图像视图和帧缓冲的管理，是数据传输的核心。 - **Step 5**: 渲染Pass，定义绘制操作的阶段和顺序。 - **Step 6**: 图形管线，构建渲染流水线的过程。 - **Step 7**: 命令池和命令缓冲区，管理图形操作的指令。 - **Step 8**: 主循环，实现应用程序的运行流程。 3. **Development environment** 部分介绍了在不同操作系统（Windows, Linux, MacOS）上开发Vulkan应用所需的工具和配置，包括Vulkan SDK、GLFW图形库和GLM数学库。 - **Windows**: 提供了Visual Studio的安装和配置指南。 - **Linux**: 包括终端环境下的Vulkan SDK、GLFW和GLM的设置。 - **MacOS**: 分别介绍了Vulkan SDK、GLFW和Xcode的集成。 4. **Base code** 部分展示了基础代码结构，涉及资源管理、GLFW集成等内容，并具体讲解如何创建Vulkan实例、检查扩展支持以及清理资源。 5. **Validation layers** 是关键章节，解释了验证层的作用，即在开发过程中检测潜在错误，并提供了如何启用和配置它们以提高代码质量的方法。这本教程通过一步步的实战指导，帮助读者建立起对Vulkan的理解，同时关注开发环境的配置和最佳实践，确保读者能够高效地利用这一强大的图形API进行项目开发。

API concepts

This chapter will conclude with a short overview of how the Vulkan API is

structured at a lower level.

Coding conventions

All of the Vulkan functions, enumerations and structs are deﬁned in the

vulkan.h

header, which is included in the Vulkan SDK developed by LunarG. We’ll look

into installing this SDK in the next chapter.

Functions have a lower case

preﬁx, types like enumerations and structs have

preﬁx and enumeration values have a

VK_

preﬁx. The API heavily uses

structs to provide parameters to functions. For example, object creation generally

follows this pattern:

1 VkXXXCreateInfo createInfo = {};

2 createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_XXX_CREATE_INFO;

3 createInfo.pNext = nullptr;

4 createInfo.foo = ...;

5 createInfo.bar = ...;

7 VkXXX object;

8 if (vkCreateXXX(&createInfo, nullptr, &object) != VK_SUCCESS) {

9 std::cerr << "failed to create object" << std::endl;

10 return false;

11 }

Many structures in Vulkan require you to explicitly specify the type of structure

in the

sType

member. The

pNext

member can point to an extension structure

and will always be

nullptr

in this tutorial. Functions that create or destroy

an object will have a VkAllocationCallbacks parameter that allows you to use

a custom allocator for driver memory, which will also be left

nullptr

in this

tutorial.

Almost all functions return a VkResult that is either

VK_SUCCESS

or an error

code. The speciﬁcation describes which error codes each function can return and

what they mean.

Validation layers

As mentioned earlier, Vulkan is designed for high performance and low driver

overhead. Therefore it will include very limited error checking and debugging

capabilities by default. The driver will often crash instead of returning an error

If you receive an error message then ensure that your drivers are up-to-date,

include the Vulkan runtime and that your graphics card is supported. See the

introduction chapter for links to drivers from the major vendors.

There is another program in this directory that will be useful for development.

The

glslangValidator.exe

program will be used to compile shaders from the

human-readable GLSL to bytecode. We’ll cover this in depth in the shader

modules chapter. The

Bin

directory also contains the binaries of the Vulkan

loader and the validation layers, while the Lib directory contains the libraries.

The

Doc

directory contains useful information about the Vulkan SDK and an

oﬄine version of the entire Vulkan speciﬁcation. Lastly, there’s the

Include

directory that contains the Vulkan headers. Feel free to explore the other ﬁles,

but we won’t need them for this tutorial.

GLFW

As mentioned before, Vulkan by itself is a platform agnostic API and does

not include tools for creating a window to display the rendered results. To

beneﬁt from the cross-platform advantages of Vulkan and to avoid the horrors of

Win32, we’ll use the GLFW library to create a window, which supports Windows,

Linux and MacOS. There are other libraries available for this purpose, like SDL,

but the advantage of GLFW is that it also abstracts away some of the other

platform-speciﬁc things in Vulkan besides just window creation.

You can ﬁnd the latest release of GLFW on the oﬃcial website. In this tutorial

we’ll be using the 64-bit binaries, but you can of course also choose to build in

32 bit mode. In that case make sure to link with the Vulkan SDK binaries in

the

Lib32

directory instead of

Lib

. After downloading it, extract the archive

to a convenient location. I’ve chosen to create a

Libraries

directory in the

Visual Studio directory under documents. Don’t worry about there not being a

libvc-2017 folder, the libvc-2015 one is compatible.

GLM

Unlike DirectX 12, Vulkan does not include a library for linear algebra operations,

so we’ll have to download one. GLM is a nice library that is designed for use

with graphics APIs and is also commonly used with OpenGL.

GLM is a header-only library, so just download the latest version and store it

in a convenient location. You should have a directory structure similar to the

following now:

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