Physics Letters B 767 (2017) 142–146
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Physics Letters B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb
Quantum gravity and Standard-Model-like fermions
Astrid Eichhorn
∗
, Stefan Lippoldt
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received
2 January 2017
Accepted
26 January 2017
Available
online 1 February 2017
Editor: A.
Ringwald
We discover that chiral symmetry does not act as an infrared attractor of the renormalization group flow
under the impact of quantum gravity fluctuations. Thus, observationally viable quantum gravity models
must respect chiral symmetry. In our truncation, asymptotically safe gravity does, as a chiral fixed point
exists. Asecond non-chiral fixed point with massive fermions provides a template for models with dark
matter. This fixed point disappears for more than 10 fermions, suggesting that an asymptotically safe
ultraviolet completion for the standard model plus gravity enforces chiral symmetry.
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP
3
.
1. Introduction
An observationally viable model of quantum gravity must be
compatible with the existence of matter and all its low-energy
properties. This supplies observational tests for quantum gravity,
as particular assumptions about quantum spacetime could be in
conflict with low-energy observations. The specific fact that we
focus on is the existence of light, chiral fermions. In the Stan-
dard
Model, chiral symmetry forbids a microscopic fermion mass
term m
ψ
¯
ψψ
. Fermion masses are generated from Yukawa inter-
actions
with the Higgs, and through chiral symmetry breaking in
QCD for the quarks. Thus, fermion masses only emerge at scales
far below the Planck scale. Here, we explore the interplay between
quantum gravity and chiral symmetry, finding indications that chi-
ral
symmetry is a nontrivial observational constraint on models of
quantum gravity: The fermion mass remains a Renormalization-
Group
(RG)-relevant coupling even under the impact of gravita-
tional
fluctuations. Thus, if chiral symmetry was broken above the
Planck scale, it would not be restored automatically by the RG
flow towards low energies, as it would for an irrelevant coupling.
Accordingly, if chiral symmetry is broken in the ultraviolet (UV),
the symmetry-violating effects are expected to generically grow to-
wards
low energies, typically leading to large fermion masses. As
a specific illustration, we will focus on asymptotically safe quan-
tum
gravity [1], before analyzing models of quantum gravity from
an effective-field-theory point of view.
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail
addresses: a.eichhorn@thphys.uni-heidelberg.de (A . Eichhorn),
s.lippoldt@thphys.uni-heidelberg.de (S. Lippoldt).
2. Non-minimally coupled fermions in gravity
We analyze the RG scale dependence of the fermion mass under
the impact of quantum-gravity fluctuations. We focus on its scaling
dimension, which is RG relevant according to canonical counting in
the free theory. If quantum fluctuations of spacetime cannot render
it irrelevant, then it is expected to grow towards the infrared (IR).
In this scenario, the appearance of chiral symmetry at low energies
would either be impossible or require severe fine-tuning, unless
the microscopic model of quantum gravity contained a mechanism
to impose exact chiral symmetry. Crucially, the RG flow generates
all terms that are compatible with the symmetries. Thus, once chi-
ral
symmetry is broken by a mass term, further non-chiral interac-
tions
are generated. Within the corresponding infinite-dimensional
space of couplings, a sorting principle is provided by the canonical
dimensionality of couplings. Perturbatively, only those couplings
with vanishing or positive mass dimensionality can be relevant,
i.e., can survive at low energies. Quantum-gravity effects could
shift perturbatively slightly irrelevant couplings into relevance. For
instance, in asymptotically safe gravity the relevant operators in-
clude
several dimension-4-operators. Nonetheless, the departure
from canonical scaling appears to be small and the canonical di-
mensionality
remains a useful guiding principle, see, e.g., [2–6].
Thus, we analyze a truncated effective dynamics for N
f
fermions
containing all fermion bilinears with canonical dimensionality ≤ 5,
i.e., including couplings with dimensionality ≥−1
k
=
grav
+iZ
ψ
d
4
x
√
g
¯
ψ
i
/
∇ψ
i
+i
¯
m
ψ
d
4
x
√
g
¯
ψ
i
ψ
i
+i
¯
ξ
d
4
x
√
gR
¯
ψ
i
ψ
i
+i
¯
ζ
d
4
x
√
g
¯
ψ
i
∇
2
ψ
i
. (1)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.01.064
0370-2693/
© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by
SCOAP
3
.