Django 2.0 初学者指南：PDF 教程及7个进阶示例

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“Django 2.0 的初学者 PDF 文档，包含7个难度逐渐提升的例子” Django 是一个流行的开源 Web 开发框架，以其优雅的语法和强大的功能而闻名。这份 Django 2.0 的初学者 PDF 文档是入门学习的理想资源，它提供了关于 Django 的详细知识，并通过逐步增加难度的7个示例帮助你掌握核心概念。文档结构分为几个部分，旨在帮助新手逐步理解 Django 的工作原理： 1. **教程**：教程是初学者的起点，它们通过一系列步骤指导你创建一个完整的 Web 应用程序。如果你对 Django 或者 Web 开发不熟悉，这些教程将引导你入门。此外，文档中可能还包括“第一步”这样的章节，帮助你快速了解基础。 2. **主题指南**：这些章节深入讨论关键话题和概念，提供背景信息和解释。主题指南通常以较高的抽象层次介绍，适合希望深化理解的读者。 3. **参考指南**：这部分包含技术参考，如 API 和 Django 机制的其他方面。它们详细描述了如何工作以及如何使用，但假设你已经具备基本的理解。对于需要查询特定功能或深入研究框架的人来说，参考指南非常有用。 4. **获取帮助**：文档中还包含了如何在遇到问题时寻求帮助的信息，比如 FAQ、索引、邮件列表、IRC 频道和错误追踪系统。这使得在学习过程中遇到困难时，你可以快速找到解决方案。 5. **索引与目录**：文档提供了详细的索引和模块索引，方便你查找特定的信息。这使得在大量内容中定位到你需要的部分变得简单。 6. **示例**：PDF 中的7个示例将按照难度递增的方式设计，从基础到复杂，让你在实践中学习和巩固理论知识。每个例子都会逐步引入新的概念和技术，帮助你逐步建立实际开发能力。通过这份文档，你将能够学习到如何使用 Django 来创建数据库驱动的 Web 应用，包括模型定义、视图处理、模板渲染、URL 映射、表单处理、用户认证和授权等核心概念。此外，你还将接触到 Django 的中间件、管理命令、静态文件处理、测试框架等内容，这些都是构建高效、可维护的 Web 应用所必需的。这份 Django 2.0 初学者 PDF 文档是学习这个框架的宝贵资源，它不仅提供了全面的理论知识，还有实践案例帮助你巩固和应用所学。无论你是 Web 开发的新手还是想要转行到 Django，这份文档都能为你提供坚实的基础。

Writing your first Django app, part 1¶

Let’s learn by example.

Throughout this tutorial, we’ll walk you through the creation of a basic poll application.

It’ll consist of two parts:

A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

An admin site that lets you add, change, and delete polls.

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command in a shell prompt (indicated by the $ prefix):

$ python -m django --version

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 2.0, which supports Python 3.4 and later. If the Django version doesn’t match, you

can refer to the tutorial for your version of Django by using the version switcher at the bottom right corner of this page,

or update Django to the newest version. If you’re using an older version of Python, check What Python version can I

use with Django? to find a compatible version of Django.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please post a message to django-users or drop by #django on

irc.freenode.net to chat with other Django users who might be able to help.

Creating a project¶

If this is your first time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database configuration, Django-specific options and application-specific settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

$ django-admin startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-admin.

Note

You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means you should

avoid using names like django (which will conflict with Django itself) or test (which conflicts with a built-in Python

package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a good

idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

mysite/

manage.py

mysite/

__init__.py

settings.py

urls.py

wsgi.py

These files are:

The outer mysite/ root directory is just a container for your project. Its name doesn’t matter to Django; you can

rename it to anything you like.

manage.py: A command-line utility that lets you interact with this Django project in various ways. You can read all

the details about manage.py in django-admin and manage.py.

The inner mysite/ directory is the actual Python package for your project. Its name is the Python package name

you’ll need to use to import anything inside it (e.g. mysite.urls).

mysite/__init__.py: An empty file that tells Python that this directory should be considered a Python package. If

you’re a Python beginner, read more about packages in the official Python docs.

mysite/settings.py: Settings/configuration for this Django project. Django settings will tell you all about how

settings work.

mysite/urls.py: The URL declarations for this Django project; a “table of contents” of your Django-powered site.

You can read more about URLs in URL dispatcher.

mysite/wsgi.py: An entry-point for WSGI-compatible web servers to serve your project. See How to deploy with

WSGI for more details.

The development server¶

Let’s verify your Django project works. Change into the outer mysite directory, if you haven’t already, and run the

following commands:

$ python manage.py runserver

You’ll see the following output on the command line:

Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).

You have unapplied migrations; your app may not work properly until they are applied.

Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.

January 04, 2019 - 15:50:53

Django version 2.0, using settings 'mysite.settings'

Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/

Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

Note

Ignore the warning about unapplied database migrations for now; we’ll deal with the database shortly.

You’ve started the Django development server, a lightweight Web server written purely in Python. We’ve included

this with Django so you can develop things rapidly, without having to deal with configuring a production server –

such as Apache – until you’re ready for production.

Now’s a good time to note: don’t use this server in anything resembling a production environment. It’s intended only

for use while developing. (We’re in the business of making Web frameworks, not Web servers.)

Now that the server’s running, visit http://127.0.0.1:8000/ with your Web browser. You’ll see a “Congratulations!”

page, with a rocket taking off. It worked!

Changing the port

By default, the runserver command starts the development server on the internal IP at port 8000.

If you want to change the server’s port, pass it as a command-line argument. For instance, this command starts the

server on port 8080:

$ python manage.py runserver 8080

If you want to change the server’s IP, pass it along with the port. For example, to listen on all available public IPs

(which is useful if you are running Vagrant or want to show off your work on other computers on the network), use:

$ python manage.py runserver 0:8000

0 is a shortcut for 0.0.0.0. Full docs for the development server can be found in the runserver reference.

Automatic reloading of runserver

The development server automatically reloads Python code for each request as needed. You don’t need to restart the

server for code changes to take effect. However, some actions like adding files don’t trigger a restart, so you’ll have to

restart the server in these cases.

Creating the Polls app¶

Now that your environment – a “project” – is set up, you’re set to start doing work.

Each application you write in Django consists of a Python package that follows a certain convention. Django comes

with a utility that automatically generates the basic directory structure of an app, so you can focus on writing code

rather than creating directories.

Projects vs. apps

What’s the difference between a project and an app? An app is a Web application that does something – e.g., a

Weblog system, a database of public records or a simple poll app. A project is a collection of configuration and apps

for a particular website. A project can contain multiple apps. An app can be in multiple projects.

Your apps can live anywhere on your Python path. In this tutorial, we’ll create our poll app right next to your manage.py

file so that it can be imported as its own top-level module, rather than a submodule of mysite.

To create your app, make sure you’re in the same directory as manage.py and type this command:

$ python manage.py startapp polls

That’ll create a directory polls, which is laid out like this:

polls/

__init__.py

admin.py

apps.py

migrations/

__init__.py

models.py

tests.py

views.py

This directory structure will house the poll application.

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