X射线光栅成像技术：进展与多信息融合探索

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"X射线光栅成像技术的发展及多信息融合的尝试" 这篇研究论文深入探讨了X射线光栅成像技术的最新进展和潜在的多信息融合策略。X射线光栅成像是利用Talbot-Lau干涉法的一种高分辨率成像技术，能够获取物质内部的衰减、折射和小角度散射等多维度信息，广泛应用于医学诊断、材料科学和工业无损检测等领域。一、X射线光栅成像原理与框架 Talbot-Lau干涉法是X射线光栅成像的基础，它通过三个相位光栅的序列排列实现。第一个光栅（入射光栅）将X射线束衍射成明暗交替的条纹，第二个光栅（中间光栅）则使这些条纹发生干涉，而第三个光栅（探测光栅）则记录下经过物质样品后干涉模式的变化。通过对这些变化的分析，可以重构出物体的衰减系数、折射率和小角度散射信息，提供丰富的三维结构信息。二、系统优化方法为了提高成像性能，研究者们正在探索放松对光栅的高定位分辨率和严格条件的要求。这包括采用新的制造工艺来提升光栅的精度，以及优化光栅设计以降低对环境因素如温度、振动的敏感性。同时，设计大视场的光栅成像系统是另一个重要方向，这可以通过改进光栅配置、增加探测器尺寸或使用先进的扫描策略来实现。三、二维光栅技术传统的一维光栅成像虽然具有高分辨率，但在大视场成像时可能会损失部分细节。因此，引入二维光栅的成像技术成为一种解决办法。二维光栅可以捕捉到更丰富的X射线信息，并允许在不牺牲分辨率的前提下扩展成像范围，从而实现更全面的物体分析。四、多信息融合与发展趋势随着技术的进步，研究人员正试图同时获取和融合多种信息，如衰减、折射和散射，以提供更为全面的物质特性分析。这种多信息融合不仅能够提高成像的准确性，还有助于识别复杂材料结构，特别是在生物组织和复合材料的研究中。 X射线光栅成像技术持续发展，不断突破现有的限制，向着更高分辨率、更大视场和更强的信息融合能力迈进。未来，这种技术有望在医疗诊断、材料科学研究和工业检测等领域发挥更大的作用，推动相关行业的科技进步。

Developments of X-ray grating imaging and trying of multiple

information fusion

Yueping Han*

, Ruihong Li

, Xiaolei Jiang

National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China,

Taiyuan, China 0300511;

Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement

(North University of China), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China 030051;

Key Laboratory of

Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China 100084

ABSTRACT

The present paper reviews the X-ray grating imaging systems at home and abroad from the aspects of technological

characterizations and the newest researching focus. First, not only the imaging principles and the frameworks of the typical

X-ray grating imaging system based on Talbot-Lau interferometry method, but also the algorithms of retrieving the signals

of attenuation, refraction and small-angle scattering are introduced. Second, the system optimizing methods are discussed,

which involves mainly the relaxing the requirement of high positioning resolution and strict circumstances for gratings and

designing large field of view with high resolution. Third, two and four-dimensional grating-based X-ray imaging techniques

are introduced. Moreover, the trends of X-ray grating based imaging technology are discussed, especially the multiple

information fusions are tried with attenuation, refraction and scattering obtained synchronously.

Keywords: X-ray grating imaging, talbot interferometry, research development.

1. INTRODUCTION

As is known to all, X-ray radiographic absorption imaging is an invaluable tool in medical diagnostics, materials science

and industrial non-destructive testing

[1,2]

. However, the traditional X-ray radiography could not image light materials whose

atomic numbers are low.

The development of X-ray grating imaging is derived from the study of X-ray phase contrast imaging

[3]

. In general, the role

of materials for X rays can be represented as



in  1

, where the refractive index decrement



determines the phase

shift



of the X rays passing through the object. The absorption index



is correlated with the linear absorption

coefficient



. Actually, for weakly absorbing low-Z objects, such as C, N, H and etc.,



is 1000 times larger than



[4]

Therefore, X-ray phase contrast imaging is more sensitive than traditional X-ray absorption technique in the fields of

medicine and material science, etc.. Since the 1990s, four X-ray phase contrast imaging methods have been developed:

interferometer-based, propagation-based, analyzer-based and grating-based methods. However, the former three kinds of

modes have until now been impractical due to they must use highly brilliant X-ray synchrotron or micro-focus sources.

Fortunately, X-ray grating-based imaging can efficiently yield quantitative differential phase-contrast images with

conventional X-ray tube.

X-ray grating-based phase-contrast imaging method firstly realized with highly coherent synchrotron radiation sources in

the early 21st century, though similar or related technologies, such as Talbot interferometry, shearing interferometry, moiré

deflectometry and Talbot-Lau interferometry

[5]

, have been developed maturely in the visible-light and atom fields since

1970s. David et al applied two phase gratings and a Bragg crystal to generate moiré patterns and retrieved X-ray differential

phase-contrast information at the ESRF in 2002

[6]

. Momose et al demonstrated Talbot interferometry with a pair of

transmission gratings to generate moiré fringes and then adopted a phase-shifting technique to retrieve phase-contrast

images at the Spring-8

[7,8]

. Subsequently, Weitkamp et al also implemented Talbot interferometry with a phase grating and

an absorption grating to obtain phase-contrast information by use of a phase-stepping approach at the ESRF

[9-11]

. The

requirement for coherence is the main obstacle to clinical diagnosis of phase contrast imaging because current medical

X-ray imaging equipment employs conventional X-ray tubes, providing weakly coherent X rays.

* yuepinghan@163.com; phone +86 139 034 173 71

Advances in Computational Methods for X-Ray Optics III, edited by Manuel Sanchez del Rio,

CCC code: 0277-786X/14/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2064978

Proc. of SPIE Vol. 9209 92090U-1

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