深入理解Verilog HDL：数字设计与合成指南（第二版）

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"A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis, Second Edition" 是Samir Palnitkar编著的一本面向数字设计与合成的专业教材，由Prentice Hall PTR出版，发行日期为2003年2月21日。该书的ISBN号是0-13-044911-3，共496页，旨在为经验丰富的设计师和新入门者提供全面的Verilog HDL教程。本书强调的是Verilog语言在实际数字设计和验证中的应用，而非仅仅局限于语言本身。它全面符合IEEE 1364-2001 Verilog HDL标准，涵盖了最新的设计方法和技术。以下是书中关键知识点的详细介绍： 1. **Verilog HDL介绍**：作为主要焦点，Verilog HDL是一种广泛使用的硬件描述语言，用于描述电子系统的逻辑结构和行为。 2. **实用验证方法论**：书中详细讲解了当前最先进的设计验证策略，包括单元测试、功能验证和覆盖率分析等，帮助读者确保设计的正确性和可靠性。 3. **模型化技术**：涵盖了从门级（Gate-level）、数据流（RTL）到行为（Behavioral）和开关模型（Switch Model）的全面模型构建，使读者能够灵活选择适合项目需求的设计方法。 4. **编程语言接口（PLI）**：介绍了如何通过PLI进行高级编程，使得用户可以扩展和自定义硬件描述语言的功能，增强设计的灵活性。 5. **逻辑综合技术**：深入解析了逻辑综合的过程，包括时序分析、延迟仿真以及如何优化设计以适应目标工艺库。 6. **定时与延迟模拟**：讨论了模拟电路性能的关键参数，如信号传播延迟和触发延迟，这对于理解和调试时序敏感设计至关重要。 7. **用户自定义原语**：探讨了如何利用用户定义的模块或原语来定制特定功能，提高设计效率和代码复用性。 8. **实践技巧和案例研究**：书中提供了大量的插图、示例和练习，有助于读者将理论知识转化为实际操作能力，并提供了丰富的Verilog资源列表供进一步学习。 9. **学习目标和章节总结**：每个章节都有明确的学习目标和总结，便于读者掌握章节内容和复习。 "A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis, Second Edition"是一本实用且详尽的指南，对于希望深入了解Verilog HDL及其在数字设计中的应用的工程师来说，无疑是一本不可或缺的参考资料。

Part 1: Basic Verilog Topics

1 Overview of Digital Design with Verilog HDL

Evolution of CAD, emergence of HDLs, typical HDL-based design flow, why Verilog

HDL?, trends in HDLs.

2 Hierarchical Modeling Concepts

Top-down and bottom-up design methodology, differences between modules and

module instances, parts of a simulation, design block, stimulus block.

3 Basic Concepts

Lexical conventions, data types, system tasks, compiler directives.

4 Modules and Ports

Module definition, port declaration, connecting ports, hierarchical name referencing.

5 Gate-Level Modeling

Modeling using basic Verilog gate primitives, description of and/or and buf/not type

gates, rise, fall and turn-off delays, min, max, and typical delays.

6 Dataflow Modeling

Continuous assignments, delay specification, expressions, operators, operands, operator

types.

7 Behavioral Modeling

Structured procedures, initial and always, blocking and nonblocking statements, delay

control, generate statement, event control, conditional statements, multiway branching,

loops, sequential and parallel blocks.

8 Tasks and Functions

Differences between tasks and functions, declaration, invocation, automatic tasks and

functions.

9 Useful Modeling Techniques

Procedural continuous assignments, overriding parameters, conditional compilation and

execution, useful system tasks.

1.1 Evolution of Computer-Aided Digital Design

Digital circuit design has evolved rapidly over the last 25 years. The earliest digital

circuits were designed with vacuum tubes and transistors. Integrated circuits were then

invented where logic gates were placed on a single chip. The first integrated circuit (IC)

chips were SSI (Small Scale Integration) chips where the gate count was very small. As

technologies became sophisticated, designers were able to place circuits with hundreds of

gates on a chip. These chips were called MSI (Medium Scale Integration) chips. With the

advent of LSI (Large Scale Integration), designers could put thousands of gates on a

single chip. At this point, design processes started getting very complicated, and

designers felt the need to automate these processes. Electronic Design Automation (EDA)

techniques began to evolve. Chip designers began to use circuit and logic simulation

techniques to verify the functionality of building blocks of the order of about 100

transistors. The circuits were still tested on the breadboard, and the layout was done on

paper or by hand on a graphic computer terminal.

[1] The earlier edition of the book used the term CAD tools. Technically, the term

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools refers to back-end tools that perform functions

related to place and route, and layout of the chip . The term Computer-Aided Engineering

(CAE) tools refers to tools that are used for front-end processes such HDL simulation,

logic synthesis, and timing analysis. Designers used the terms CAD and CAE

interchangeably. Today, the term Electronic Design Automation is used for both CAD

and CAE. For the sake of simplicity, in this book, we will refer to all design tools as EDA

tools.

With the advent of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, designers could

design single chips with more than 100,000 transistors. Because of the complexity of

these circuits, it was not possible to verify these circuits on a breadboard. Computer-

aided techniques became critical for verification and design of VLSI digital circuits.

Computer programs to do automatic placement and routing of circuit layouts also became

popular. The designers were now building gate-level digital circuits manually on graphic

terminals. They would build small building blocks and then derive higher-level blocks

from them. This process would continue until they had built the top-level block. Logic

simulators came into existence to verify the functionality of these circuits before they

were fabricated on chip.

As designs got larger and more complex, logic simulation assumed an important role in

the design process. Designers could iron out functional bugs in the architecture before the

chip was designed further.

1.2 Emergence of HDLs

For a long time, programming languages such as FORTRAN, Pascal, and C were being

used to describe computer programs that were sequential in nature. Similarly, in the

digital design field, designers felt the need for a standard language to describe digital

circuits. Thus, Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) came into existence. HDLs

allowed the designers to model the concurrency of processes found in hardware elements.

Hardware description languages such as Verilog HDL and VHDL became popular.

Verilog HDL originated in 1983 at Gateway Design Automation. Later, VHDL was

developed under contract from DARPA. Both Verilog and VHDL simulators to simulate

large digital circuits quickly gained acceptance from designers.

Even though HDLs were popular for logic verification, designers had to manually

translate the HDL-based design into a schematic circuit with interconnections between

gates. The advent of logic synthesis in the late 1980s changed the design methodology

radically. Digital circuits could be described at a register transfer level (RTL) by use of

an HDL. Thus, the designer had to specify how the data flows between registers and how

the design processes the data. The details of gates and their interconnections to

implement the circuit were automatically extracted by logic synthesis tools from the RTL

description.

Thus, logic synthesis pushed the HDLs into the forefront of digital design. Designers no

longer had to manually place gates to build digital circuits. They could describe complex

circuits at an abstract level in terms of functionality and data flow by designing those

circuits in HDLs. Logic synthesis tools would implement the specified functionality in

terms of gates and gate interconnections.

HDLs also began to be used for system-level design. HDLs were used for simulation of

system boards, interconnect buses, FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), and PALs

(Programmable Array Logic). A common approach is to design each IC chip, using an

HDL, and then verify system functionality via simulation.

Today, Verilog HDL is an accepted IEEE standard. In 1995, the original standard IEEE

1364-1995 was approved. IEEE 1364-2001 is the latest Verilog HDL standard that made

significant improvements to the original standard.

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