高速低功耗CMOS模拟集成电路设计

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《CMOS模拟集成电路高速与高效设计》是一本由Tertulien Ndjountche编著的专业书籍，专为从事或对CMOS模拟集成电路领域感兴趣的读者提供深入的知识。这本书的核心内容聚焦于CMOS（互补金属氧化物半导体）技术在设计中的高效率和高速度特性，这是现代电子电路设计的关键要素。 CMOS技术因其低功耗、易于集成以及能够实现大规模生产和高性能应用而备受青睐。作者在书中详细探讨了如何通过优化设计策略来提高电路的速度性能，包括利用先进的器件模型、电路布局和信号处理技术，使电路能够在保持高性能的同时，尽可能减少能耗。这些设计原则对于电子系统设计师来说是极其重要的，因为它们直接影响到设备的能效比和整体系统的可持续性。书中涵盖了多个关键主题，如噪声分析、电源管理、模拟信号放大器的设计、混频器、运算放大器等基本电路的高速化设计方法，以及利用MATLAB这样的仿真工具进行电路建模和优化。作者强调了电路设计中的数学建模和仿真在实际工程中的作用，以便设计师能在实验验证之前预先评估电路性能。此外，书中还涉及到了电源电压选择、噪声抑制技术和散热管理等实用技术，这些都是确保电路在高压、高温环境下仍能保持稳定运行的重要环节。通过阅读本书，读者不仅能学习到理论知识，还能掌握一套实用的设计流程和策略，从而在实际项目中提升电路的性能和效率。总结而言，《CMOS模拟集成电路高速与高效设计》是一本深入浅出的教材和参考书，适合研究生、工程师以及对高级模拟电路设计感兴趣的专业人士，它不仅提供了丰富的理论背景，也提供了实际应用的指导，对于推动电子技术的前沿发展具有重要意义。通过阅读这本书，读者可以提升自己的专业技能，为现代电子产品的设计和优化打下坚实的基础。

Preface

Hardware developments have been a major vehicle in popularizing the appli-

cations of signal processing theory in both science and engineering. The book

describes the important trend s of designing high-speed and power-eﬃcient

front-end analog circuits, which can be used alone or to interface moder n

digital signal pro ces s or s and micro-controllers in various applications such as

multimedia, commu n ication , instrumentation, and control systems.

The book contains resources to allow the reader to design complementary

metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) analog integrated circuits with imp r oved

electrical performan ce. It oﬀers a comp lete understanding of architectural-

and transistor-level design issues of analog integrated circuits. It provides a

comprehensive, self-contained, up-to-date, and in-depth treatment of design

techniques, with an emphasis on practical aspects relevant to integrated circuit

implementations.

Starting from an understanding of the basic physical behavior and model-

ing of MOS transistors, we review design techniques for more complex com-

ponents such as ampliﬁers, comparators, and multipliers. The book details

all aspects from speciﬁcations to the ﬁ n al chip related to the d evelopment

and implementation process of ﬁlters, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)

and digital-to-analog converters (DACs), phase-locked loops (PLLs) and delay

locked loops (DLLs). It provides the analysis of architectures and performance

limitation issues aﬀecting the circuit operation. The focus is on designing and

verifying analog integrated circuits.

The book is intended to serve as a valuable guid e and reference resource for

analog circuit designers and graduate students in electrical engineering pr o-

grams. It provides balanced coverage of b oth theoretical and practical issues

in hierarchically organized format. With easy-to-follow mathematical deriva-

tions of all equations and formulas, the book also contains graphical plots,

and a number of open-ended design problems to help determine the most

suitable circuit architecture satisfying a given set of performance speciﬁca-

tions. To appreciate the material in th is book, it is expected that the reader

has a rudimentary understanding of semiconductor physics, electronics, and

signal proces s in g.

xvii

Content overview

The book contains thirteen chapters and three appendices.

Chapter 1

Introduction

The use of CMOS technologies with a low device geometry and new archi-

tectures has accelerated the trend toward the system on a chip design, which

merges analog, digital, and radio-frequency (RF) sections on a single inte-

grated structure. While the manufacturing technology appears to be funda-

mentally limited by the material ch ar acter is tics , the compu ter -aid ed design

tools have to face the computational intractability of design optimizations.

In this context, design techniques should be concerned with the automated

conception, synthesis, and testing of microelectronic systems.

Chapter 2

MOS Transistors

A description of CMOS technology and transistor is provided. Diﬀerent equiv-

alent transistor models, including SPICE representations, are covered. The

shrinking process of transistors results in an increase in the device physics com-

plexity. Thus, advanced models, which can accurately describe the diﬀerent

electrical characteristics, are required to meet the circuit design speciﬁcations .

Chapter 3

Phy si cal Des i gn of MOS Integrated Circuits

Physical design and fabrication consideration s for high-density integrated-

circuits (ICs) in deep-submicrometer process es are reviewed. In addition to

considering RLC models for the interconnect and package parasitic compo-

nents, it appears also necessary to take into account the coupling through the

common substrate d u r in g the IC design. Advances in packaging technology

will be required to support high-performance ICs.

Chapter 4

Bias and Current Reference Circuits

Circuit structur es for the design of current mirrors (current sources and sinks)

and voltage references are reviewed. Generally, the eﬀects of IC process and

power supply variations on these basic blocks should be minimized to improve

the overall performance of a d ev ice. Current mirrors are used in a variety of

circuit building blocks to copy or scale a reference current, while voltage ref-

erences are required to set an accurate and stable voltage for biasing circuits

irrespective of ﬂuctuations of the supply voltage and changes in operating

temperature.

xviii

Chapter 5

CMOS Ampliﬁers

Topologies of ampliﬁers, which are suitable for the design of analog circuits,

are described. The factors determining the nonideal behavior of an ampliﬁer

circuit are considered. To be tailored for a given application, an architecture

has to meet the trade-oﬀ requirement among the diﬀerent speciﬁcations, such

as gain, bandwidth, phase margin, signal swing, noise, and slew rate. Design

methods, which result in the optimization of speciﬁc performance character-

istics, are summarized.

Chapter 6

Nonlinear Analog Components

Circuit architectures for comparators and multipliers are reviewed. Theoretical

analysis is carried out for design and optimization purposes. The performances

of comparators are essentially limited by the switching speed and mismatches

of transistor characteristics, resulting in voltage oﬀsets, while th e main lim-

itations aﬀecting the operation of multipliers are nonlin ear d is tor tion s . Th e

design challenge is to meet the requirements of low-voltage and low-power

circuits.

Chapter 7

Conti nuous-Time Circuits

Continuous-time circuits are required to interface digital signal processors to

real-world signals. They are based on components such as transistors, resistors,

capacitors, and inductors. The choice of an architecture and design technique

depends on the performance parameters and application frequency range. The

use of inductors, which can only be integrated with moderate eﬃciency (low

quality factor, parasitic elements) in CMO S processes, is restricted to high-

frequency building blocks with tuned characteristics. Using active components

(transistor and operational amp liﬁ er ) and capacitors, MOSFET-C and G

-C

structures have proven reliable for the design of integrated circuits in the video

frequency (or MHz) r an ge.

Chapter 8

Switched-Capacitor Circuits

Switched-capacitor circuits are used in the design of large-scale integrated

systems. They are based on basic building blocks such as sample-and-hold,

integrator, and gain stage, which can be optimized to meet the requirements

of low power consumption and chip area. Design techniques, which result in

the minimization of the circuit sensitivity to component imperfections, are

described. Accurate switched-capacitor ﬁlters are obtained by performing the

synthesis in the z-domain, and using stray insensitive circuits for the imple-

mentation of the r es u ltin g signal-ﬂow graph.

xix

Chapter 9

Data Converter Principles

The interface between real-world signals an d digital-signal processors can be

realized by data converters (analog-to-digital converters and digital-to-analog

converters). An insight into the mathematical deﬁnitions of characteristics

(quantization noise, component imperfections), which can aﬀect the perfor-

mance of data converters is provided. Depending on the sampling frequency,

Nyquist and oversamplin g data converters can b e distinguished. Generally,

Nyquist converters based on a parallel operation exhibit a high speed. On the

other hand, digital ﬁltering is combined with oversampling, which relies on

using a sampling rate which is several times higher than two times the signal

bandwidth, to improve the converter resolution. For a given dynamic range,

the reduced sensitivity of oversampling structures to component imperfections

is the result of a trade-oﬀ between speed and accuracy.

Chapter 10

Nyquist Digital-to-Analog Converters

Digital-to-analog converters can be designed us in g various architectures , each

with its distinctive advantages and limitations. A review of various Ny q u is t

converter architectu r es illustrates the system level trade-oﬀs and performance

issues associated with the circuit design. For a given resolution, the diﬀerence

between converter architectures can be an important factor for the selection

of a speciﬁc application.

Chapter 11

Nyquist Analog-to-Digital Converters

A basic understanding of various ADC architectures is useful to meet the de-

sign challenges at th e transistor level of high resolution converters. There are

various ADC architectures, each with its peculiar advantages and limitations.

The description of Nyquist converters are presented along with their perfor-

mance modeling. Applications are key in selecting a given ADC architecture

even though some overlap can exist between the characteristics of various ar-

chitectures.

Chapter 12

Oversampling Data Converters

Oversampling data converters generally consist of a delta-sigma modulator

and digital (decimation or interpolation) ﬁlter. By combining the noise shap-

ing and oversampling, which is similar to the s amp lin g of a signal at a rate

higher than twice the maximum frequency in th e input signal, their quantiza-

tion noise is removed from the signal band and spread over a larger range of

frequencies. Various modulator architectures will be reviewed, the eﬀects of

circuit nonidealities on the converter per for man ce are an alyzed, and the digital

ﬁlters used to remove the out-of-band noise will be presented. An evaluation

and a comparison of the diﬀerent delta-sigma modulation-based approaches

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