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NASA星空计划:HabEx望远镜的研发报告
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NASA 的 HabEx 计划:探索系外行星和宇宙奥秘
NASA 的 HabEx 计划是 NASA 新伟大望远镜计划的一部分,旨在研究系外行星,具有很好的研究与收藏价值。HabEx 计划的主要目标是探索系外行星,了解宇宙的奥秘,推动人类对宇宙的认识和探索。
一、HabEx 计划的设计和架构
HabEx 计划的架构是基于一个高度efficient 的设计,旨在实现多重任务的观测,包括系外行星的探测和研究、星系的研究、太阳系科学等。HabEx 计划的架构由多个组件组成,包括星隐遮挡仪(Coronagraph)、星影遮挡仪(Starshade)、 Workhorse 相机(HWC)、紫外光谱仪(UVS)等。
二、星隐遮挡仪(Coronagraph)
星隐遮挡仪是 HabEx 计划的核心组件之一,用于探测系外行星。星隐遮挡仪的设计基于 Vector Vortex charge 6 coronagraph,具有以下特点:
*.Raw contrast:2.5x10-10 at the IWA
*.-∆maglimit=26.5
*.-20% instantaneous bandwidth
*.-Imager and spectograph
星隐遮挡仪的设计旨在实现高contrast 的探测,以便更好地探测系外行星。
三、星影遮挡仪(Starshade)
星影遮挡仪是 HabEx 计划的另一个核心组件,用于探测系外行星。星影遮挡仪的设计基于 52mdiameter starshade occulter,具有以下特点:
*.-76,600km separation(Visible)
星影遮挡仪的设计旨在实现高resolution 的探测,以便更好地探测系外行星。
四、Workhorse 相机(HWC)
Workhorse 相机是 HabEx 计划的多用途相机,用于广域成像和光谱观测。Workhorse 相机具有以下特点:
*.-Multipurpose, wide-field imaging
*.- camera and spectograph for observatory science
Workhorse 相机的设计旨在实现多重任务的观测,以满足不同科学研究的需求。
五、紫外光谱仪(UVS)
紫外光谱仪是 HabEx 计划的另一个重要组件,用于高resolution 的紫外光谱观测。紫外光谱仪具有以下特点:
*.-High-resolution, UV imaging and spectroscopy for observatory science
紫外光谱仪的设计旨在实现高resolution 的紫外光谱观测,以便更好地研究宇宙的奥秘。
六、HabEx 计划的科学目标
HabEx 计划的科学目标是探索系外行星,了解宇宙的奥秘,推动人类对宇宙的认识和探索。HabEx 计划的科学目标包括:
*.-Exoplanet imaging and characterization
*.-Exoplanet imaging and characterization
*.-Multipurpose, wide-field imaging and spectroscopy for observatory science
HabEx 计划的科学目标旨在推动人类对宇宙的认识和探索,扩展人类对宇宙的了解。
HabEx 计划是 NASA 新伟大望远镜计划的一部分,旨在研究系外行星,具有很好的研究与收藏价值。HabEx 计划的设计和架构基于多个组件的组合,旨在实现多重任务的观测,以满足不同科学研究的需求。HabEx 计划的科学目标旨在推动人类对宇宙的认识和探索,扩展人类对宇宙的了解。
Table of Contents
viii
6.9.7 Mechanical Jitter ......................................................................................................................... 6-52
6.9.8 Inertial Mirror Deformation .......................................................................................................... 6-54
6.9.9 CTE Inhomogeneity .................................................................................................................... 6-54
6.9.10 Temperature Gradients ............................................................................................................... 6-55
6.9.11 Response to Propulsion Impulse during Slew Events ................................................................ 6-55
6.9.12 Integrated STOP Modeling ......................................................................................................... 6-56
6.10 Telescope Flight System ......................................................................................................................... 6-62
6.10.1 Structures & Mechanisms ........................................................................................................... 6-63
6.10.2 Power ......................................................................................................................................... 6-64
6.10.3 Propulsion ................................................................................................................................... 6-65
6.10.4 Communications ......................................................................................................................... 6-66
6.10.5 Command and Data Handling .................................................................................................... 6-67
6.10.6 Telescope Pointing Control ......................................................................................................... 6-67
6.11 Telescope I&T Plan ................................................................................................................................. 6-70
6.11.1 Facilities, Ground Support Equipment, and Testbeds ................................................................ 6-71
6.11.2 Payload I&T ................................................................................................................................ 6-72
6.11.3 Instrument I&T ............................................................................................................................ 6-72
6.11.4 Integrated Science Instrument Module I&T................................................................................. 6-73
6.11.5 Mirror Assembly and Test ........................................................................................................... 6-73
6.11.6 Optical Telescope Assembly ...................................................................................................... 6-73
6.11.7 Bus I&T ....................................................................................................................................... 6-74
6.11.8 System I&T ................................................................................................................................. 6-74
7 B
ASELINE STARSHADE OCCULTER AND BUS ........................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1 Starshade Occulter ................................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1.1 Starshade Optical Design ............................................................................................................. 7-1
7.1.2 Starshade Mechanical Design ...................................................................................................... 7-3
7.1.3 Starshade Deployment ................................................................................................................. 7-5
7.2 Starshade Performance and Error Analysis .............................................................................................. 7-7
7.2.1 Manufacturing and Deployment Tolerances ................................................................................. 7-7
7.2.2 Structural Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 7-9
7.2.3 Launch Structural Analysis ......................................................................................................... 7-10
7.2.4 On-Orbit Structural Analysis ....................................................................................................... 7-11
7.2.5 On-Orbit Thermal Stability Analysis ............................................................................................ 7-13
7.2.6 Other Analyses ........................................................................................................................... 7-14
7.3 Starshade Bus ......................................................................................................................................... 7-15
7.3.1 Structures and Mechanisms ....................................................................................................... 7-16
7.3.2 Thermal ...................................................................................................................................... 7-17
7.3.3 Propulsion ................................................................................................................................... 7-17
7.3.4 Power ......................................................................................................................................... 7-17
7.3.5 Attitude Control System .............................................................................................................. 7-18
7.3.6 Communications ......................................................................................................................... 7-18
7.3.7 Command & Data Handling ........................................................................................................ 7-19
7.4 Starshade Integration and Test Plan ....................................................................................................... 7-19
7.4.1 Facilities, Ground Support Equipment, and Testbeds ................................................................ 7-19
7.4.2 Payload I&T ................................................................................................................................ 7-21
7.4.3 Bus I&T ....................................................................................................................................... 7-21
7.4.4 System I&T ................................................................................................................................. 7-22
Table of Contents
ix
8 BASELINE MISSION CONCEPT ................................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.1 Baseline Observatory and Concept of Operations .................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.1 Launch .......................................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.2 Cruise ........................................................................................................................................... 8-2
8.1.3 Checkout and Commissioning ...................................................................................................... 8-2
8.1.4 Orbit Insertion ............................................................................................................................... 8-2
8.1.5 The L2 Orbit .................................................................................................................................. 8-2
8.1.6 Science Observational Modes ...................................................................................................... 8-3
8.1.7 Formation Flying ........................................................................................................................... 8-4
8.2 Design Reference Mission ........................................................................................................................ 8-9
8.3 Servicing ................................................................................................................................................. 8-14
8.3.1 HabEx Serviced Elements .......................................................................................................... 8-14
8.3.2 Servicing Method ........................................................................................................................ 8-15
8.3.3 Robotic System........................................................................................................................... 8-16
8.3.4 Concept of Operations and Servicing Accommodations ............................................................. 8-16
8.3.5 Refueling .................................................................................................................................... 8-17
8.3.6 Instrument Module Replacement ................................................................................................ 8-18
8.3.7 Microthruster Replacement ......................................................................................................... 8-18
8.3.8 Avionics Replacement ................................................................................................................ 8-19
8.4 Operations and Ground Systems ............................................................................................................ 8-20
8.4.1 Mission Operations Systems ...................................................................................................... 8-22
8.4.2 Science Operations Support ....................................................................................................... 8-22
8.4.3 Science Data Processing ............................................................................................................ 8-23
9 H
ABEX 4-METER BASELINE MANAGEMENT, SCHEDULE, COST, AND RISK ................................................................. 9-1
9.1 Management Approach ............................................................................................................................. 9-1
9.1.1 Technology Development ............................................................................................................. 9-2
9.1.2 Contributions ................................................................................................................................ 9-3
9.1.3 Systems Engineering and Design Management ........................................................................... 9-3
9.2 Risk List ..................................................................................................................................................... 9-4
9.2.1 G-Release Error............................................................................................................................ 9-4
9.2.2 Starshade Integration & Test ........................................................................................................ 9-4
9.2.3 Starshade to TRL 5....................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.2.4 EMCCDs to TRL 6 ........................................................................................................................ 9-6
9.2.5 Microthruster Lifetime ................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.2.6 SLS Launch Vehicle ..................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.2.7 Foreign Contribution ..................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.3 Development Schedule ............................................................................................................................. 9-6
9.3.1 Schedule Description .................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.3.2 Comparison of Schedule to Analogs ............................................................................................ 9-8
9.4 Mission Cost .............................................................................................................................................. 9-9
9.4.1 Basis of Estimate ........................................................................................................................ 9-11
9.5 Affordability ............................................................................................................................................. 9-15
9.5.1 Baseline Launch Option .............................................................................................................. 9-16
9.5.2 Delayed Launch Variation ........................................................................................................... 9-16
9.5.3 Architecture Trades .................................................................................................................... 9-17
10 A
RCHITECTURE TRADES ...................................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1 Architecture Options ................................................................................................................................ 10-2
10.1.1 Fiducial Design Choices and Assumptions ................................................................................. 10-4
10.2 Figures of Merit and Tradespace Evaluation ........................................................................................... 10-7
Table of Contents
x
10.3 Results .................................................................................................................................................... 10-9
10.3.1 The Hybrid Architectures ............................................................................................................ 10-9
10.3.2 Coronagraph without a Starshade Architecture ........................................................................ 10-13
10.3.3 Starshade-Only Architectures ................................................................................................... 10-15
10.4 Architecture Tradespace Sensitivities ................................................................................................... 10-18
11 T
ECHNOLOGY MATURATION ................................................................................................................................. 11-1
11.1 Table of HabEx Technologies ................................................................................................................. 11-2
11.2 Starshade ................................................................................................................................................ 11-2
11.2.1 Starshade: Currently TRL 4 ........................................................................................................ 11-7
11.2.2 Starshade: Currently TRL 5 ...................................................................................................... 11-12
11.3 Telescope .............................................................................................................................................. 11-13
11.3.1 Telescope: Currently TRL 4 ...................................................................................................... 11-13
11.3.2 Telescope: Currently TRL 5 ...................................................................................................... 11-18
11.4 Instruments ........................................................................................................................................... 11-19
11.4.1 Instruments: Currently TRL 4 .................................................................................................... 11-19
11.4.2 ZWFS and Control .................................................................................................................... 11-21
11.4.3 Deformable Mirrors ................................................................................................................... 11-22
11.4.4 Detectors .................................................................................................................................. 11-24
11.5 Instrument: Currently TRL 5 or Higher .................................................................................................. 11-26
11.6 Spacecraft ............................................................................................................................................. 11-26
11.6.1 Spacecraft: Currently TRL 4 ..................................................................................................... 11-26
11.7 Enhancing/Alternative Technologies ..................................................................................................... 11-27
11.7.1 Currently TRL 3 ........................................................................................................................ 11-28
11.7.2 Next Generation Microshutter Array ......................................................................................... 11-29
11.7.3 Currently TRL 4 ........................................................................................................................ 11-29
12 H
ABEX EXOPLANET SCIENCE ENHANCEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1 Ancillary Physical Information on Nearby Exoplanetary Systems ........................................................... 12-1
12.2 High Precision Astrometry: Methodology and Requirements .................................................................. 12-3
12.3 High Precision Radial Velocities: Methodology and Requirements ......................................................... 12-4
12.4 Precursor Exoplanet Observations .......................................................................................................... 12-5
12.4.1 A Fiducial Simulation of Precursor RV Observations Required to Inform HabEx Target
List .............................................................................................................................................. 12-5
12.4.2 Conclusions from the Precursor RV Simulations ........................................................................ 12-7
12.5 Contemporaneous Exoplanet Observations ............................................................................................ 12-8
12.6 Exozodi Precursor Observations: Current State of the Art, Limitations and Impact ................................ 12-9
12.7 Technical State of the Art: PRVs Progress toward 1 cm/s Accuracy .................................................... 12-10
12.8 Technical State of the Art: the Binary Star Opportunity ......................................................................... 12-11
12.8.1 Multi-Star Science Potential with HabEx................................................................................... 12-11
12.8.2 Multi-Star Imaging Technology Options .................................................................................... 12-12
12.8.3 HabEx Multi-Star Imaging Modes and Instrument Compatibility ............................................... 12-13
12.8.4 Computer Demonstrations of Multi-Star Imaging with HabEx using MSWC ............................. 12-13
12.8.5 Summary of TRL....................................................................................................................... 12-15
12.9 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 12-16
12.9.1 Further Development of Extreme Precision Radial Velocities .................................................. 12-16
12.9.2 Technology Development for High Contrast Imaging of Binary Stars ....................................... 12-17
12.9.3 Improved Characterization of Exozodi Levels around Nearby Sunlike Stars ............................ 12-17
13 S
UMMARY AND OUTLOOK ..................................................................................................................................... 13-1
Table of Contents
xi
Appendices
A CORONAGRAPH-ONLY ARCHITECTURES ................................................................................................................ A-1
B S
TARSHADE-ONLY ARCHITECTURES ...................................................................................................................... B-1
C S
CIENCE YIELD ASSUMPTIONS AND COMPUTATIONS .............................................................................................. C-1
D T
ARGET LISTS FOR EXOPLANET SURVEYS ............................................................................................................. D-1
E T
ECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ....................................................................................................................................... E-1
F I
NDUSTRY WHITE PAPERS ON TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITIES AND FACILITIES ............................................................. F-1
G B
ASELINE INDEPENDENT COST ESTIMATE .............................................................................................................. G-1
H G
LOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................................... H-1
I A
CRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................ I-1
J R
EFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ J-1
Executive Summary
ES-1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
For the first time in human history,
technologies have matured sufficiently to enable
an affordable space-based telescope mission
capable of discovering and characterizing
habitable planets like the Earth orbiting nearby
bright sunlike stars. Such an observatory can be
equipped with instruments that provide a wide
range of capabilities, enabling unique science not
possible from ground-based facilities. This
science is broad and exciting, ranging from new
investigations of our own solar system to
understanding the life cycle of baryons and its
impact on the formation and evolution of
galaxies, to addressing fundamental puzzles in
cosmology.
The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory, or
HabEx, has been designed to be the Great
Observatory of the 2030s, a successor to the
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) with enhanced
capabilities and community involvement through
a competed and funded Guest Observer (GO)
program. This GO program—which shall
represent 50% of HabEx’s prime 5-year
mission—will include competed novel
observations, parallel and serendipitous
observations, and archival research. After
HabEx’s 5-year prime mission, HabEx is capable
of undertaking an extended mission of at least
five additional years without servicing, during
which the GO program would represent 100%
of observing time.
HabEx is a space-based 4 m diameter
telescope with ultraviolet (UV), optical, and
near-infrared (near-IR) imaging and
spectroscopic capabilities, replacing and
enhancing those lost at the end of HST’s
lifetime. During its 5-year prime mission, HabEx
has three driving science goals described in
Table ES-1 and Figure ES-1.
Figure ES
-1. During its 5-year prime mission, the HabEx Observatory
will divide equally its observing time between
exoplanetary science and competed, guest observer
-
directed observations. Because all HabEx instruments can observe
simultaneously, a Parallel Observing Program will generate archival observations, such as deep
fields, to inspire and support
generations of scientists to come. With its large aperture, stiff structure, and rapid slews, HabEx will observe at ~90% efficiency.
Table ES-1. HabEx Science Goals encompass direct detection
and characterization of exoplanets and their systems along with
wider
-reaching questions about the nature of our universe.
HabEx Science Goals
To seek out nearby worlds and
explore their habitability
To map out nearby planetary systems
and understand the diversity of the
worlds they contain
To enable new explorations of
astrophysical systems from the solar
system to galaxies and the universe
by extending our reach in the UV
through near-IR
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