Apple II: 1978 Reference Manual - Loading Programs & Basic Functions

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《苹果II参考手册》是一份详尽的指南，专为1978年早期的Apple II古董电脑用户设计。该手册详细介绍了如何成功地将BASIC程序加载到Apple II上，分为三个部分：系统检查、磁带加载以及解决加载问题的方法。 1. 系统检查：在加载程序之前，用户需要确保系统的正常运行。这包括检查硬件的完好性（如Apple II主板），如罗德的色彩图案示例（4K）展示了如何利用早期的4K内存空间进行基本操作。 2. 加载程序磁带：手册教导用户如何正确地将程序通过磁带介质装载到计算机。这涉及物理操作，如连接磁带驱动器，以及理解如何读取和执行磁带上存储的指令。 3. BASIC编程：手册的核心内容围绕Apple Integer BASIC展开，这是Apple II的主要编程语言。它涵盖了BASIC命令、运算符、函数、语句等基础知识，以及特殊控制和编辑功能。例如，用户可以学习如何使用表A来查看和配置图形颜色，以及高级功能如数据读取/保存子程序和高分辨率图形。 4. 错误处理与调试：手册还包含了如何理解和处理BASIC编程中的常见错误信息，以便快速定位并解决问题。这有助于新手程序员提高代码调试能力。 5. 游戏和演示：手册中提到的《星际旅行》（16K Startrek）和Breakout及Color Demos磁带，不仅展示了程序的应用，还提供了相应的程序清单和玩法指导，如《星际旅行》的游戏运行方法和《Breakout》和《Color Demos》的演示。 6. 实用示例：每个部分都配以实际的编程示例，如Pong（4K）和Color Sketch（4K），这些示例旨在帮助用户熟悉基础操作，逐步进阶到更复杂的程序设计。这份《苹果II参考手册》不仅是一本技术文档，也是一部历史记录，它揭示了早期个人计算机时代的编程实践和技术特点，对于了解和研究Apple II的发展历程具有重要的参考价值。

5 GOTO 15

10 Q=( PDL (0)-20)/6: IF Q<0 THEN

Q=0: IF Q>=34 THEN Q=34: COLOR=

D: VLIN Q,Q+5 AT 0: COLOR=A:

IF P>Q THEN 175: IF Q THEN

VLIN 0,Q-1 AT 0:P=Q:RETURN

15 DIM A$(15),B$(10):A=1:B=13:

C=9:D=6:E=15: TEXT : CALL -

936: VTAB 4: TAB 10: PRINT

“*** BREAKOUT ***”:PRINT

20 PRINT “ OBJECT IS TO DESTROY

ALL BRICKS”: PRINT : INPUT

“HI, WHAT’S YOUR NAME? ”,A$

25 PRINT “STANDARD COLORS ”;A$

;: INPUT “Y/N? ”,B$: GR: CALL

-936: IF B$(1,1)#”N” THEN 40

: FOR I=0 TO 39: COLOR=I/2*

(I(32): VLIN 0,39 AT I

30 NEXT I: POKE 34,20: PRINT :

PRINT : PRINT : FOR I=0 TO

15: VTAB 21+I MOD 2: TAB I+

I+1: PRINT I;: NEXT I: POKE

34,22: YTAB 24: PRINT : PRINT

“BACKGROUND”;

35 GOSUB 95:A=E: PRINT “EVEN BRICK”

;:GOSUB 95:B=E: PRINT “ODD BRIC

K”;: GOSUB 95:C=E: PRINT “PADDLE

”;: GOSUB 95:D=E: PRINT “BALL”

;:GOSUB 95

40 POKE 34,20: COLOR=A: FOR I=

0 TO 39: VLIN 0,39 AT I: NEXT

I: FOR I=20 TO 34 STEP 2: TAB

I+1: PRINT I/2-9;: COLOR=8:

VLIN 0,39 AT I: COLOR=C: FOR

J=I MOD 4 TO 39 STEP 4

45 VLIN J,J+1 AT I: NEXT J, I: TAB

5: PRINT “SCORE =0”:PRINT

: PRINT : POKE 34,21:S=0:P=

S:L=S:X=10:Y=10:L=6

50 COLOR=A: PLOT X,Y/3:X=19:Y=

RND (120):V=-1:W= RND (5)-

2:L=L-1: IF L<1 THEN 120: TAB

6: IF L>1 THEN PRINT L;”BALLS L

EFT”

55 IF L=1 THEN PRINT “LAST BALL, ”

;A$: PRINT : FOR I=1 TO 100

: GOSUB 10: NEXT I:M=1:N=0

60 J=Y+W: IF J>=0 AND J<120 THEN

65:W=-W:J=Y: FOR I-1 TO 6:K=

PEEK (-16336): NEXT I

65 I-X+V: IF I<0 THEN 180: GOSUB

170: COLOR=A:K=J/3: IF I>39

THEN 75: IF SCRN(I,K)=A THEN

85: IF I THEN 100:N=N+1:V=(

N>5)+1:W=(K-P)*2-5:M=1

70 Z= PEEK (-16336)-PEEK (-16336

)+ PEEK (-16336)- PEEK (-16336

)+ PEEK (-16336): GOTO 85

75 FOR I=1 TO 6:M= PEEK (-16336

): NEXT I:I=X:M=0

80 V=-V

85 PLOT X,Y/3: COLOR=E: PLOT I,

K:X=I:Y=J: GOTO 60

90 PRINT “INVALID, REENTER”;

95 INPUT “ COLOR (0, TO 15)”,E:

IF E<0 OR E>15 THEN 90: RETURN

100 IF M THEN V= ABS (V): VLIN

K/2*2,K/2*2+1 AT I:S=S+I/2-

9: VTAB 21: TAB 13: PRING S

105 Q= PEEK (-16336)- PEEK (-16336

)+ PEEK (-16336)- PEEK (-16336

)

110 IF S<720 THEN 80

115 PRINT “CONGRATULATONS, ”;A$

;” YOU WIN!”: GOTO 165

120 PRINT “YOUR SCORE OF ”;S;” IS “

;: GOTO 125+(S/100)*5

125 PRINT ”TERRIBLE!”: GOTO 165

130 PRINT “LOUSY.”: GOTO 165

135 PRINT “POOR.”: GOTO 165

140 PRINT “GOOD.”: GOTO 165

145 PRINT “VERY GOOD.”: GOTO 165

155 PRINT “EXCELLENT.”: GOTO 165

160 PRINT “NEARLY PERFECT.”

165 PRINT “ANOTHER GAME ”;A$;” (Y/N)

“;: INPUT A$: IF A$(1,1)=”Y”

THEN 25: TEXT : CALL -936:

VTAB 10: TAB 10: PRINT “GAME OV

ER”: END

170 Q=( PDL (0)-20)/6: IF Q<0 THEN

Q=0: IF Q>=34 THEN Q=34: COLOR=

D: VLIN Q,Q+5 AT 0: COLOR=A:

IF P>Q THEN 175: IF Q THEN

VLIN 0,Q-1 AT 0:P=Q: RETURN

175 IF P=Q THEN RETURN : IF Q*34

THEN VLIN Q+6,39 AT 0:P=Q:

RETURN

180 FOR I=1 TO 80:Q= PEEK (-16336

): NEXT I: GOTO 50

BREAKOUT GAME

PROGRAM LISTING

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

APPLE II STARTREK VERSION

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

THIS IS A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF HOW TO PLAY STARTREK ON THE

APPLE COMPUTER.

THE UNIVERSE IS MADE UP OF 64 QUADRANTS IN AN 8 BY 8 MATRIX.

THE QUADRANT IN WHICH YOU THE ENTERPRISE ' ARE, IS IN WHITE,

AND A BLOW UP OF THAT QUADRANT IS FOUND IN THE LOWER LEFT

CORNER. YOUR SPACE SHIP STATUS IS FOUND IN A TABLE TO

THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE QUADRANT BLOW UP.

THIS IS A SEARCH AND DESTROY MISSION. THE OBJECT IS TO LONG-RANGE

SENSE FOR INFORMATION AS TO WHERE KLINGONS (K) ARE MOVE TO THAT QUADRANT,

AND DESTROY.

NUMBERS DISPLAYED FOR EACH QUADRANT DENOTE:

* OF STARS IN THE ONES PLACE

* OF BASES IN THE TENS PLACE

* OF KLINGONS IN THE HUNDREDS PLACE

AT ANY TIME DURING THE GAME, FOR INSTANCE BEFORE ONE TOTALLY

RUNS OUT OF ENERGY, OR NEEDS TO REGENERATE ALL SYSTEMS, ONE MOVES TO A

QUADRANT WHICH INCLUDES A BASE, IONS NEXT TO THAT BASE (B) AT WHICH TIME

THE BASE SELF-DESTRUCTS AND THE ENTERPRISE (E) HAS ALL SYSTEMS 'GO'

AGAIN.

TO PLAY:

THE COMMANDS CAN BE OBTAINED BY TYPING A '0' (ZERO) AND RETURN.

THEY ARE:

1. PROPULSION 2. REGENERATE

3. LONG RANGE SENSORS

4. PHASERS

5. PHOTON TORPEDOES 6. GALAXY RECORD

7. COMPUTER

8. PROBE

9. SHIELD ENERGY

10.DAMAGE REPORT

11.LOAD PHOTON TORPEDOES

THE COMANDS ARE INVOKED BY TYPING 1HE NUMBER REFERING TO THEM

FOLLOWED BY A 'RETURN'.

IF RESPONSE IS 1 THE COMPUTER WILL ASK WARP OR ION AND

EXPECTS 'W' IF ONE WANTS TO TRAVEL IN THE GALAXY

BETWEEN QUADRANTS AND AN 'I' IF ONE WANTS ONLY

INTERNAL QUADRANT TRAVEL.

DURATION OF WARP FACTOR IS THE NUMBER OF SPACES OR

QUADRANTS THE ENTERPRISE WILL MOVE.

COURSE IS COMPASS READING IN DEGREES FOR THE DESI-

RED DESTINATION.

B. A 2

REGENERATES THE ENERGY AT 1HE EXPENSE OF TIME.

A 3 GIVES THE CONTENTS OF THE IMMEDIATE. ADJACENT QUADRANTS.

THE GALAXY IS WRAP-AROUND IN ALL DIRECTIONS.

4 FIRES PHASERS AT THE EXPENSE OF AVAILABLE ENERGY.

E. 5 INITIATES A SET OF QUESTIONS FOR TORPEDO FIRING.

THEY CAN BE FIRED AUTOMATICALLY IF THEY HAVE

BEEN LOCKED ON TARGET WHILE IN THE COMPUTER

MODE, OR MAY BE FIRED MANUALLY IF THE TRAGECTORY ANGLE

KNOWN.

6, 8 AND 10 ALL GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THE STATUS OF THE SHIP

AND ITS ENVIRONMENT.

9 SETS THE SHIELD ENERGY/AVAILABLE ENERGY RATIO.

11 ASKS FOR INFORMATION ON LOADING AND UNLOADING OF

PHOTON TORPEDOES AT THE ESPENSE OF AVAILABLE ENERGY.

THE ANSWER SHOULD BE A SIGNED NUMBER. FOR EXAMPLE

+5 OR -2.

I. 7 ENTERS A COMPUTER WHICH WILL RESPOND TO THE FOLLOWING

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. COMPUTE COURSE 2. LOCK PHASERS

LOCK PHOTON TORPEDOES

LOCK COURSE 5. COMPUTE TREJECTORY

6.STATUS 7. RETURN TO COMAND MODE

IN THE FIRST FIVE ONE WILL HAVE TO GIVE COORDINATES.

COORDINATES ARE GIVEN IN MATHMATICAL NOTATION WITH

THE EXCEPTION THAT THE 'Y' VALUE IS GIVEN FIRST.

AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE 'Y,X'

COURSE OR TRAJECTORY:

270

180

-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- THIS EXPLANATION WAS WRITTEN BY ELWOOD -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR

ERRORS

---------------------------

---------

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