Oracle 11g数据库概念教程：权威指南

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Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 1 (11.1) 是一份权威的文档，由Oracle公司发布于2011年1月，版权归属于Oracle及其关联公司，享有所有权利。本书主要作者是Richard Strohm，而包括Lance Ashdown、Mark Bauer等在内的多位专家也做出了贡献。这份教材深入探讨了Oracle数据库的核心概念和技术，适用于数据库管理员、开发人员和其他专业人员，以便理解和优化11g版本的数据库管理。该书涵盖了Oracle数据库的关键特性，如数据模型、体系结构、安全性、并发控制、事务处理、存储管理、备份恢复、性能调优以及SQL语言的高级用法。在11g版本中，Oracle引入了新的功能，例如实时应用集群(RAC)技术，提高了数据库的可用性和性能；此外，Oracle Database 11g强化了安全措施，包括增强的身份验证方法和数据加密，以应对日益复杂的威胁环境。书中还介绍了Oracle的数据仓库解决方案，如Oracle BI Suite，以及与XML和Web服务集成的相关内容。对于数据库设计者，章节会涉及规范化原则和数据库设计的最佳实践，帮助读者构建高效、可扩展的数据库架构。此外，这本书也包含了实用的故障排除和问题解决技巧，以及对Oracle Enterprise Manager的深入介绍，它是Oracle数据库管理的重要工具。学习者将通过本书了解到如何利用这些工具进行监控、维护和性能分析。值得注意的是，使用本书时必须遵守所附的许可证协议，该协议规定了使用和披露的限制，并受到知识产权法律的保护。书中还列举了一些贡献者的名单，他们为本书的完善和发展做出了贡献，包括Omar Alonso、Penny Avril等。 Oracle Database Concepts 11g.pdf是Oracle数据库领域不可或缺的参考文献，无论是初学者还是经验丰富的专业人士，都可以从中获取深入了解Oracle 11g系统所需的基础知识和深入理解，以提升数据库管理能力。

xvi

SQL for Analysis............................................................................................................................ 16-12

SQL for Modeling.......................................................................................................................... 16-13

Overview of OLAP Capabilities....................................................................................................... 16-13

Full Integration of Multidimensional Technology................................................................... 16-14

Ease of Application Development .............................................................................................. 16-14

Ease of Administration................................................................................................................. 16-14

Security ........................................................................................................................................... 16-15

Unmatched Performance and Scalability .................................................................................. 16-15

Reduced Costs ............................................................................................................................... 16-15

Overview of Data Mining.................................................................................................................. 16-16

17 High Availability

Introduction to High Availability ...................................................................................................... 17-1

Causes Of Downtime............................................................................................................................ 17-2

Protection Against Computer Failures.............................................................................................. 17-2

Overview of Enterprise Grids with Oracle Real Application Clusters and Oracle Clusterware ...

17-3

Fast Start Fault Recovery................................................................................................................ 17-4

Oracle Data Guard .......................................................................................................................... 17-4

Oracle Streams................................................................................................................................. 17-5

Protection Against Data Failures........................................................................................................ 17-5

Protecting Against Storage Failures ............................................................................................. 17-6

Protecting Against Human Errors................................................................................................ 17-7

Guarding Against Human Errors.......................................................................................... 17-7

Oracle Flashback Technology ................................................................................................ 17-7

LogMiner SQL-Based Log Analyzer .................................................................................. 17-10

Protecting Against Data Corruptions ................................................................................. 17-10

Protecting Against Site Failures........................................................................................... 17-13

Avoiding Downtime During Planned Maintenance .................................................................... 17-16

Avoiding Downtime for Data Changes ..................................................................................... 17-16

Online Schema and Data Reorganization........................................................................... 17-17

Partitioned Tables and Indexes............................................................................................ 17-17

Avoiding Downtime for System Changes................................................................................. 17-18

Rolling Patch Updates........................................................................................................... 17-18

Rolling Release Upgrade....................................................................................................... 17-19

Dynamic Resource Provisioning.......................................................................................... 17-19

Maximum Availability Architecture (MAA) Best Practices........................................................ 17-20

18 Very Large Databases (VLDB)

Introduction to Partitioning ................................................................................................................ 18-1

Partition Key .................................................................................................................................... 18-2

Partitioned Tables ........................................................................................................................... 18-2

Partitioned Index-Organized Tables ............................................................................................ 18-3

Partitioning Methods...................................................................................................................... 18-3

Overview of Partitioned Indexes ....................................................................................................... 18-4

Local Partitioned Indexes............................................................................................................... 18-4

Global Partitioned Indexes ............................................................................................................ 18-5

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Global Range Partitioned Indexes......................................................................................... 18-5

Global Hash Partitioned Indexes........................................................................................... 18-5

Maintenance of Global Partitioned Indexes......................................................................... 18-5

Global Nonpartitioned Indexes..................................................................................................... 18-6

Miscellaneous Information about Creating Indexes on Partitioned Tables ........................... 18-6

Using Partitioned Indexes in OLTP Applications...................................................................... 18-6

Using Partitioned Indexes in Data Warehousing and DSS Applications ............................... 18-6

Partitioned Indexes on Composite Partitions ............................................................................. 18-7

Partitioning to Improve Performance................................................................................................ 18-7

Partition Pruning............................................................................................................................. 18-7

Partition Pruning Example..................................................................................................... 18-8

Partition-wise Joins ......................................................................................................................... 18-8

19 Content Management

Introduction to Content Management............................................................................................... 19-1

Overview of XML in Oracle Database .............................................................................................. 19-2

Overview of LOBs................................................................................................................................. 19-3

Overview of Oracle Text....................................................................................................................... 19-3

Oracle Text Index Types................................................................................................................. 19-4

Oracle Text Document Services .................................................................................................... 19-4

Oracle Text Query Package............................................................................................................ 19-5

Oracle Text Advanced Features.................................................................................................... 19-5

Overview of Oracle Ultra Search........................................................................................................ 19-5

Overview of Oracle Multimedia ........................................................................................................ 19-6

Overview of Oracle Spatial ................................................................................................................. 19-7

20 Database Security

Introduction to Database Security ..................................................................................................... 20-1

Database Users and Schemas ........................................................................................................ 20-1

Security Domain ...................................................................................................................... 20-2

Privileges .......................................................................................................................................... 20-2

Roles .................................................................................................................................................. 20-2

Storage Settings and Quotas.......................................................................................................... 20-2

Default Tablespace .................................................................................................................. 20-2

Temporary Tablespace ........................................................................................................... 20-3

Tablespace Quotas ................................................................................................................... 20-3

Profiles and Resource Limits.................................................................................................. 20-3

Overview of Transparent Data Encryption ...................................................................................... 20-3

Tablespace Encryption ................................................................................................................... 20-4

Overview of Authentication Methods ............................................................................................. 20-4

Authentication by the Operating System ................................................................................... 20-5

Authentication by the Network ................................................................................................... 20-5

Third Party-Based Authentication Technologies ................................................................ 20-5

Public-Key-Infrastructure-Based Authentication................................................................ 20-5

Remote Authentication ........................................................................................................... 20-6

Authentication by Oracle Database.............................................................................................. 20-6

xviii

Password Encryption .............................................................................................................. 20-6

Account Locking ..................................................................................................................... 20-7

Password Lifetime and Expiration ....................................................................................... 20-7

Password Complexity Verification ....................................................................................... 20-7

Multitier Authentication and Authorization ............................................................................. 20-7

Authentication by the Secure Socket Layer Protocol................................................................. 20-8

Authentication of Database Administrators .............................................................................. 20-8

Overview of Authorization ................................................................................................................ 20-9

User Resource Limits and Profiles................................................................................................ 20-9

Types of System Resources and Limits .............................................................................. 20-10

Profiles .................................................................................................................................... 20-11

Introduction to Privileges ............................................................................................................ 20-12

System Privileges ................................................................................................................... 20-12

Schema Object Privileges ...................................................................................................... 20-13

Introduction to Roles .................................................................................................................... 20-13

Common Uses for Roles ....................................................................................................... 20-14

Role Mechanisms ................................................................................................................... 20-15

The Operating System and Roles ........................................................................................ 20-15

Secure Application Roles ............................................................................................................. 20-15

Overview of Access Restrictions on Tables, Views, Synonyms, or Rows................................ 20-16

Fine-Grained Access Control....................................................................................................... 20-16

Dynamic Predicates .............................................................................................................. 20-17

Application Context...................................................................................................................... 20-17

Dynamic Contexts.................................................................................................................. 20-17

Fine-Grained Auditing ................................................................................................................. 20-18

Overview of Security Policies .......................................................................................................... 20-18

System Security Policy.................................................................................................................. 20-18

Database User Management................................................................................................. 20-19

User Authentication............................................................................................................... 20-19

Operating System Security ................................................................................................... 20-19

Data Security Policy...................................................................................................................... 20-19

User Security Policy...................................................................................................................... 20-20

General User Security............................................................................................................ 20-20

End-User Security .................................................................................................................. 20-20

Administrator Security.......................................................................................................... 20-21

Application Developer Security...........................................................................................

20-21

plication Administrator Security.................................................................................... 20-22

Password Management Policy.................................................................................................... 20-22

Auditing Policy.............................................................................................................................. 20-22

Overview of Database Auditing....................................................................................................... 20-23

Types and Records of Auditing .................................................................................................. 20-23

Audit Records and the Audit Trails.................................................................................... 20-24

21 Data Integrity

Introduction to Data Integrity............................................................................................................. 21-1

Data Integrity Rules ....................................................................................................................... 21-1

How Oracle Database Enforces Data Integrity .......................................................................... 21-2

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Constraint States.............................................................................................................................. 21-2

Overview of Integrity Constraints ..................................................................................................... 21-3

Advantages of Integrity Constraints ........................................................................................... 21-4

Declarative Ease ....................................................................................................................... 21-4

Centralized Rules..................................................................................................................... 21-4

Maximum Application Development Productivity............................................................ 21-4

Immediate User Feedback ...................................................................................................... 21-5

Flexibility for Data Loads and Identification of Integrity Violations............................... 21-5

The Performance Cost of Integrity Constraints ......................................................................... 21-5

Types of Integrity Constraints ............................................................................................................ 21-5

NOT NULL Integrity Constraints ................................................................................................ 21-5

UNIQUE Key Integrity Constraints ............................................................................................ 21-6

Unique Keys.............................................................................................................................. 21-6

Combining UNIQUE Key and NOT NULL Integrity Constraints ................................... 21-6

PRIMARY KEY Integrity Constraints ......................................................................................... 21-6

Primary Keys ............................................................................................................................ 21-7

PRIMARY KEY Constraints and Indexes............................................................................. 21-7

Referential Integrity Constraints .................................................................................................. 21-7

Self-Referential Integrity Constraints.................................................................................... 21-9

Nulls and Foreign Keys........................................................................................................... 21-9

Actions Defined by Referential Integrity Constraints ........................................................ 21-9

Concurrency Control, Indexes, and Foreign Keys ............................................................ 21-10

CHECK Integrity Constraints ..................................................................................................... 21-12

The Check Condition............................................................................................................. 21-13

Multiple CHECK Constraints .............................................................................................. 21-13

The Mechanisms of Constraint Checking ...................................................................................... 21-13

Default Column Values and Integrity Constraint Checking ................................................. 21-15

Deferred Constraint Checking.......................................................................................................... 21-15

Constraint Attributes ................................................................................................................... 21-15

SET CONSTRAINTS Mode ........................................................................................................ 21-15

Unique Constraints and Indexes ................................................................................................ 21-16

22 Triggers

Introduction to Triggers ....................................................................................................................... 22-1

How Triggers Are Used ................................................................................................................ 22-2

Some Cautionary Notes about Triggers .............................................................................. 22-3

Triggers Compared with Declarative Integrity Constraints ............................................. 22-3

Components of a Trigger...................................................................................................................... 22-3

The Triggering Event or Statement .............................................................................................. 22-4

Trigger Restriction .......................................................................................................................... 22-5

Trigger Action ................................................................................................................................. 22-5

Types of Triggers ................................................................................................................................... 22-5

Row Triggers and Statement Triggers ........................................................................................ 22-5

Row Triggers ........................................................................................................................... 22-6

Statement Triggers .................................................................................................................. 22-6

BEFORE and AFTER Triggers ...................................................................................................... 22-6

BEFORE Triggers .................................................................................................................... 22-6

AFTER Triggers ....................................................................................................................... 22-7

Trigger Type Combinations .................................................................................................. 22-7

Compound Triggers........................................................................................................................ 22-7

INSTEAD OF Triggers ................................................................................................................... 22-8

Modify Views .......................................................................................................................... 22-8

Views That Are Not Modifiable ............................................................................................ 22-9

INSTEAD OF Triggers on Nested Tables ............................................................................ 22-9

Triggers on System Events and User Events .............................................................................. 22-9

Event Publication .................................................................................................................. 22-10

Event Attributes .................................................................................................................... 22-10

System Events ........................................................................................................................ 22-11

User Events ............................................................................................................................ 22-11

Trigger Execution................................................................................................................................. 22-12

The Execution Model for Triggers and Integrity Constraint Checking ............................... 22-13

Data Access for Triggers ............................................................................................................. 22-13

Storage of PL/SQL Triggers........................................................................................................ 22-13

Execution of Triggers ................................................................................................................... 22-13

Dependency Maintenance for Triggers ..................................................................................... 22-13

23 Information Integration

Introduction to Oracle Information Integration.............................................................................. 23-1

Federated Access.................................................................................................................................... 23-2

Distributed SQL............................................................................................................................... 23-2

Location Transparency................................................................................................................... 23-3

SQL and COMMIT Transparency................................................................................................. 23-3

Distributed Query Optimization .................................................................................................. 23-4

Information Sharing ............................................................................................................................. 23-4

Oracle Streams................................................................................................................................. 23-5

Oracle Streams Architecture................................................................................................... 23-5

Replication with Oracle Streams............................................................................................ 23-7

Oracle Streams Advanced Queuing...................................................................................... 23-8

Database Change Notification ............................................................................................. 23-10

Change Data Capture............................................................................................................ 23-10

Heterogeneous Environments.............................................................................................. 23-11

Oracle Streams Use Cases..................................................................................................... 23-11

Materialized Views ....................................................................................................................... 23-12

Data Comparison and Convergence at Oracle Databases ........................................................... 23-13

Integrating Non-Oracle Systems ...................................................................................................... 23-13

Generic Connectivity .................................................................................................................... 23-14

Oracle Database Gateways .......................................................................................................... 23-14

Part IV Oracle Database Application Development

24 SQL

Introduction to SQL .............................................................................................................................. 24-1

SQL Statements ..................................................................................................................................... 24-2

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