Vi与Vim精华问答：操作与技巧解析

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"《Vi和Vim：问题与解答》是一本汇集了vi.stackexchange.com网站上关于Vi和Vim常见问题与解答的书籍。它提供了便捷的查阅方式，允许用户按照主题浏览、比较常见问题的答案，并查看原始来源。本书涵盖了如折叠、分屏、保存、缓冲区、拼写检查、多文件处理、高亮显示、Vimdiff、插入模式、标签页用户界面、外部命令、对齐、Vim脚本与Python、GVim、正则表达式、行号、缩进、文本生成等多个主题。" 《Vi和Vim：问题与解答》深入探讨了以下具体知识点： 1. **键绑定**：介绍如何设置和使用Vi和Vim中的快捷键，以提高编辑效率。 2. **光标移动**：讲解在文本中移动光标的命令，包括上下左右移动、跳转到行首尾等操作。 3. **Vim脚本**：讨论如何编写Vim脚本来自定义编辑器行为，如宏定义、自动命令等。 4. **命令行**：涵盖在Vim命令行模式下执行的各种命令，用于文件操作、搜索和替换等。 5. **VIMRC**：解释.vimrc配置文件的用途，以及如何通过它来个性化Vim设置。 6. **搜索**：教学如何在文本中查找和替换特定字符串或模式。 7. **剪切/复制/粘贴**：说明在Vi/Vim中进行文本操作的技巧，如yank、cut和paste命令。 8. **替换**：介绍如何在文件中批量替换文本。 9. **插入模式**：详述在插入模式下编辑文本的方法。 10. **保存**：解释如何保存当前编辑的文件，以及不同保存选项的用法。 11. **自动完成**：讨论Vim的智能补全功能，用于加速编程和文本输入。 12. **正则表达式**：深入讲解Vim中的正则表达式语法，用于高效匹配和替换。 13. **缩进**：如何设置和管理代码的缩进风格，尤其对于编程语言来说非常重要。 14. **插件系统**：介绍安装和使用Vim插件以扩展其功能的方法。 15. **分屏**：说明如何在单个窗口中同时查看和编辑多个文件。 16. **GVim**：讨论图形界面版本的Vim，包括其特点和与终端版的区别。 17. **高亮显示**：介绍如何设置文本颜色和样式，以增强可读性。 18. **Vim窗口**：涵盖窗口操作，如创建、移动和关闭窗口。 19. **缓冲区**：学习如何管理内存中的文本块，以及在多个缓冲区之间切换。 20. **外部命令**：讲解如何在Vim中调用操作系统命令，以进行文件操作或其他任务。以上只是部分关键知识点的概述，书中还涉及更多细节和实践案例，旨在帮助用户全面掌握Vi和Vim编辑器的高级特性，提升文本编辑和编程效率。

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command!FormatClojureDocStringscallFormatClojureDocStrings()
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ),ex-mode(NextQ)
User:broma0
Answer byevergreentree
Thisisbecausespecialkeyslike<esc>arenottranslatedtotheiractualmeaninginnormal
commands.Thus,normal<esc>translatestoliterallytypingless-thanescgreater-
than.Youcangetaroundthisbydoingsomethinglikethis:
execute"normal<esc>"
Inyourcase,itwouldlooklikethis:
Skipcodeblock
function!Trim()
execute"normalmz:%s/\s\+$//e<cr>`z"
endfunction
command!TrimcallTrim()
function!UUID()
execute"normalmz:r!uuidgen<CR>dW\"_dd`zp"
endfunction
command!UUIDcallUUID()
function!FormatClojureDocStrings()
execute"normalmz:g/\v\"([^\"]|\n)*\"\ze\n\s*\[.*\]/normalgngq<cr>`z"
endfunction
command!FormatClojureDocStringscallFormatClojureDocStrings()
Notethatthesespecialkeyswillonlybetranslatediftheyareindoublequotes.
Answer bypeter-rincker
Typicallyyoudivideyourcommandsupinto3categories:
Normalcommandsthatneedtorunvia:normal/:normal!
Ex-commandswhichcanberunwithouttheleading:
Commandsthatneedto“builtup”useexecute.e.g.execute"s/".pat."/".
rep."/g".(Thisisactuallyjustaspecializationofthepreviousrule)
Letstakeadoaquick-n-dirtyattemptatyourUUIDcommand:
command!UUIDcalls:uuid()
functions:uuid()
normal!mz
r!uuidgen
normal!dW"_dd`zp
endfunction
Nowwehaveafewissueswiththis:
Wearemutatingthezmarkandtheunnamedregistersothismaycausesurprises.
Thetypicalsolutionistosavetheregisterandrestoretheregisterlaterinthefunction
Ex-commandstypicallydothingslinewisesothiscommandisabitoutofthe
ordinary.(Thismaybebetterasamapping<c-r><c-u>perhaps)
Fixing/side-steppingthemutationissuesbyusingtheexpressionregister,"=,andthe

system()function.
command!UUIDexecute"normal!a\<c-r>=substitute(system('uuidgen'),'\\n','','')\<cr>\<esc>"
Formorehelpsee:
:h:normal
:h:execute
:hi_ctrl-r
:hsystem(
YoumayalsowanttolookatSteveLosh’sLearnVimscripttheHardWay .
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ),ex-mode(NextQ)
Q:HowcanIcreateapseudoinsertmodewithadifferentkeymap?
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ),insert-mode(PrevQ)(NextQ)
Iamintheslightlyunusualpositionofusingtwodifferentkeyboardlayoutsonaregular
basis(Programmers-Dvorak andTurkish-F ).Theselayoutsarequitedifferentfrom
each-otherandIamonlyabletobeproficientinvimwithonesetofmusclememories.
I’mprettyproficientwithvimcommandsintheDvoraklayout,butit’salmostimpossible
touseifmykeyboardisintheTurkish-Flayout.UnfortunatelyIregularlyeditfilesin
bothEnglishandTurkishandevenmixedlanguages.MyproficiencyissuchthatIcan
typeeitherlanguageinit’srespectivekeyboardlayoutratherwell,butmybrainrefusesto
cross-wirethemandtypeevenafewlettersofawordinTurkishfromtheDvoraklayout
orviseversa.
Ihavetwo-key-salutebindingsforchangingthelayoutinXorg,buteventhisleavesme
withanawkwardworkflowinvimwheneditingmixedlanguagefiles:
<vimcommands…>i<switchtotr>…content…<escape><switchtoen><vimcommands…>
Iwouldliketobeabletoshortenthistosomethinglike:
<vimcommands…><leader>i…content…<escape><vimcommands…>
…suchthatusing<leader>isetsabunchof:imapvaluestoemulatetheTurkishlayout
withoutchangingthesystemkeyboardlayout.Atthesametime,iwouldswitchtoinsert
modebutwithouttheextra:imapvalues.Thevaluesthemselvesareeasy,Ijustneedthe
alphabetmappingssomethinglikethese:
:imapau
:imapAU
:imapoi
:imapOİ
"etc.
Thequestionis,howtosetuptwoinsertmodes,onenormalinsertmodeandonepseudo
insertmodethatisidenticalexceptforabunchofmappings,andhowcanItriggerthese
modeswith<leader>i,<leader>a,etc.?
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ),insert-mode(PrevQ)(NextQ)
User:caleb

Answer byingo-karkat

Vimhassomethinglikethisintheformofkeymaps.From:helpmbyte-keymap:

Whenthekeyboarddoesn'tproducethecharactersyouwanttoenterinyour

text,youcanusethe'keymap'option.Thiswilltranslateoneormore

(English)characterstoanother(non-English)character.Thisonlyhappens

whentypingtext,notwhentypingVimcommands.Thisavoidshavingtoswitch

betweentwokeyboardsettings.

Insert-modeonlyCapsLock describessuchamappingforemulationofCapsLock;as

youcanseethere,themappingsfileissimilartowhatyououtlineinyourquestion.

Youenablethissettingvia:setiminsert=1ordynamicallyviai_CTRL-^.Italsoworks

for/searchwiththe'imsearch'option.

Answer bycaleb

IngoKarkat’sanswer seemslikeitwasexactlytherightsolutionandhassolvedmy

situation.Howeverherearealittlebitmoreverboseinstructionsforanyoneelsejust

gettingstartedwithvim’slanguagemapfunctions.

First,youneedalanguagemapfile.AsintheCapsLockexample,you’llwanttoput

somethinglikethefollowingin~/.vim/keymap/dvorak2turkishf.vim(downloadmyfull

mappingfromGithu b):

Skipcodeblock

letb:keymap_name="dvorak2turkishf"

loadkeymap

;f

,g

.ğ

pı

yo

fd

gr

"etc…

Withthatinplace,itremainstosetupbindingstoactivateitinsomecasesbutnotothers.

You’llwanttoaddsomethingtoyour~/.vimrcfile.

First,bindthesearchkeymaptotheinputone:

setimsearch=-1

Thensetwhichkeymapwillbeusedforalternate-languageinputmode:

setkeymap=dvorak2turkishf

Turnoffthealternateinputmodesobydefaulttherewillbenochange:

setiminsert=0

Setupanauto-commandtorunwheneverleavinginsertmodetoturnoffthealternate

languageswitch:

autocmdInsertLeave*setiminsert=0

Addbindingsforallthevariouswaysyoumightendupinthealternate-languageinput

modesothatusing<leader>(Usually\)beforethemsetsthelanguagemapswtichtoon

beforeswitching:
Skipcodeblock
nnoremap<leader>i:setiminsert=1<Cr>i
nnoremap<leader>I:setiminsert=1<Cr>I
nnoremap<leader>a:setiminsert=1<Cr>a
nnoremap<leader>A:setiminsert=1<Cr>A
nnoremap<leader>c:setiminsert=1<Cr>c
nnoremap<leader>C:setiminsert=1<Cr>C
nnoremap<leader>r:setiminsert=1<Cr>r
nnoremap<leader>R:setiminsert=1<Cr>R
nnoremap<leader>o:setiminsert=1<Cr>o
nnoremap<leader>O:setiminsert=1<Cr>O
Setadifferentcursorcolorforwhenthemapisenabled:
:highlightCursorguifg=NONEguibg=Green
:highlightlCursorguifg=NONEguibg=Cyan
Alltogether,hereiswhatchangedinmyconfig .Asafinalnote,oneyouareininsert
modeyoucantogglethelanguagemapoptiononandoffusing<ctrl>+^.
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ),insert-mode(PrevQ)(NextQ)
Q:Whatdoes`<Bar>`mean?
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ)
Inansweringaquestionjustnow,Imentionedusinganormalmodekeymappingthatcan
befoundatvim.wikia.com.Inthemiddleofexplainingthekeymapping,IrealizedthatI
hadnoideawhat<Bar>meant.Whatdoesitmean?
Itriedreplacingitwithapipe|,withandwithoutspacesbefore,around,andafterit,but
eachonebrokemy.vimrcfilewiththefollowingerrormessage:
Errordetectedwhileprocessing/home/bottomsc/.vimrc:
line173:
E488:Trailingcharacters::nohl<CR>
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ)
User:christopher-bottoms
Answer bymuru
It’sthecodeforthepipecharacter :|.Thepipeisusedthewaythesemicolonisusedin
C-stylelanguages,asastatementseparator.Youcannotuseitdirectlyinamapping,since
itwouldbeseenasmarkingtheendofthemapping.Hence,thecodehastobeused
instead.
Thereareexceptionstothis,suchasautocmddefinitions,wherethebardelimitsthe
actionsoftheautocmd,butnotthedefinitionitself.
From:help:bar :
‘|’canbeusedtoseparatecommands,soyoucangivemultiplecommandsinone
line.Ifyouwanttouse‘|’inanargument,precedeitwith‘'.

andfrom:helpmap_bar :
*map_bar*
Sincethe'|'characterisusedtoseparateamapcommandfromthenext
command,youwillhavetodosomethingspecialtoincludea'|'in{rhs}.
Therearethreemethods:
useworkswhenexample~
<Bar>'<'isnotin'cpoptions':map_l:!ls<Bar>more^M
\|'b'isnotin'cpoptions':map_l:!ls\|more^M
^V|always,inVimandVi:map_l:!ls^V|more^M
Answer bybernhard
Ifyoutype
:help<Bar>
youwillreadthat
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Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ)
Q:HowtomapAltkey?
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ),terminal(NextQ)
I’mtryingtomapAltkeyinthefollowingway:
:map<A-j>j
:map<A-k>k
butitdoesn’twork(bellisrangonAlt+j/Alt+k).
WhatI’mmissing?
I’musingTerminalonOSX,thesamehappensonremoteLinux.
OnCtrl+v,Alt+j,I’vegot:?~H~F(∆whenencoding=utf-8).
OnCtrl+v,Alt+k,I’vegot:?~Z(˚whenencoding=utf-8).
Runningvimwithoutplugins(-uNONE)doesn’tmakeanydifference.
Tags:key-bindings(PrevQ)(NextQ),terminal(NextQ)
User:kenorb
Answer bykossak
That’showIdoitonLinuxorCygwin:
FirstcheckwhatcharsaresendbyyourterminalwhenyoupressALT+J:
InordertodothisIgotoconsoleandrunsed-nl(youcanalsousecatforit).ThenI
pressALT+Jandseethatthecharsonthescreenare^[j.
Ireplace^[with\e(becausethat’swhatissentbymyterminalwhenIpressesc)andthe
finalstringformeis\ej.