C++17标准库速查：数据结构、算法与函数指南

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■ ABoUt tHe AUtHoRs

Metrology (www.nikonmetrology.com), a division of Nikon and a leading provider of

precision optical instruments and metrology solutions for 3D geometric inspection.

His main expertise is C/C++, specifically Microsoft VC++ and the MFC framework.

He has experience in developing C++ programs running 24/7 on Windows and Linux

platforms, for example, KNX/EIB home automation software. In addition to C/C++, Marc

also likes C#.

Since April 2007, he has received the annual Microsoft MVP (Most Valuable

Professional) award for his Visual C++ expertise.

Marc is the founder of the Belgian C++ Users Group (www.becpp.org), author of

Professional C++ (Wiley), technical editor for numerous books for several publishers, and

a member on the CodeGuru forum (as Marc G). He maintains a blog at www.nuonsoft.

com/blog/.

xix

Introduction

The C++ Standard Library

The C++ Standard Library is a collection of essential classes and functions used by

millions of C++ programmers on a daily basis. Being part of the ISO Standard of the

C++ Programming Language, an implementation is distributed with virtually every

C++ compiler. Code written with the C++ Standard Library is therefore portable across

compilers and target platforms.

The Library is more than 25 years old. Its initial versions were heavily inspired by

a (then proprietary) C++ library called the Standard Template Library (STL), so much

so that many still incorrectly refer to the Standard Library as “the STL.” The STL library

pioneered generic programming with templated data structures called containers and

algorithms, glued together with the concept of iterators. Most of this work was adapted by

the C++ standardization committee, but nevertheless neither library is a true superset of

the other.

Today the C++ Standard Library is much more than the containers and algorithms of

the STL, though. For decades, it has featured STL-like string classes, extensive localization

facilities, and a stream-based I/O library, as well as the entire C Standard Library.

Earlier this decade, the C++11 and C++14 editions of the ISO standard have added,

among other things, hash map containers, generic smart pointers, a versatile random

number generation framework, a powerful regular expression library, more expressive

utilities for function-style programming, type traits for template metaprogramming,

and a portable concurrency library featuring threads, mutexes, condition variables, and

atomic variables. Most recently, C++17 has introduced, among many smaller additions,

parallelized algorithms, a file system library, and several key types for day-to-day use

(such as optional<>, variant<>, any, and string_view). Many of the C++11, C++14, and

C++17 additions are based on Boost, a collection of open source C++ libraries.

And this is just the beginning: the C++ community has rarely been as active and

alive as in the past decade. The next version of the Standard, tentatively called C++20, is

expected to add even more essential classes and functions.

Why This Book?

Needless to say, it is hard to know and remember all the possibilities, details, and

intricacies of the vast and growing C++ Standard Library. This handy reference guide

offers a condensed, well-structured summary of all essential aspects of the C++ Standard

Library and is therefore indispensable to any C++ programmer.

■ IntRodUCtIon

You could consult the Standard itself, but it is written in a very detailed, technical

style and is primarily targeted at Library implementors. Moreover, it is very long: the

C++ Standard Library chapters alone are nearly 1,000 pages in length, and those on the

C Standard Library easily encompass another 200 pages. Other reference guides exist

but are often outdated, limited (most cover little more than the STL containers and

algorithms), or not much shorter than the Standard itself.

This book covers all important aspects of the C++17 and C18 Standard Libraries,

some in more detail than others, and is always driven by their practical usefulness. You

will not find page-long, repetitive examples; obscure, rarely used features; or bloated,

lengthy explanations that could be summarized in just a few bullets. Instead, this book

strives to be exactly that: a summary. Everything you need to know and watch out for in

practice is outlined in a compact, to-the-point style, interspersed with practical tips and

short, well-chosen, clarifying examples.

Who Should Read This Book?

The book is targeted at all C++ programmers, regardless of their proficiency with the

language or the Standard Library. If you are new to C++, its tutorial aspects will quickly

bring you up to speed with the C++ Standard Library. Even the most experienced C++

programmer, however, will learn a thing or two from the book and find it an indispensable

reference and memory aid. The book does not explain the C++ language or syntax itself,

but is accessible to anyone with basic C++ knowledge or programming experience.

What You Will Learn

• How to use the powerful random number generation facilities

• How to work with dates and times

• What smart pointers are and how to use them to prevent memory

leaks

• How to use containers to efficiently store and retrieve your data

• How to use algorithms to inspect and manipulate your data

• How lambda expressions allow for elegant use of algorithms

• What functionality the library provides for stream-based I/O

• How to inspect and manipulate files and directories on your file

system

• How to work with characters and strings in C++

• How to write localized applications

■ IntRodUCtIon

xxi

• How to write safe and efficient multithreaded code using the C++11

concurrency library

• How to correctly handle error conditions and exceptions

• And more!

General Remarks

• All types, classes, functions, and constants of the C++ Standard Library

are defined in the std namespace (short for standard).

• All C++ Standard Library headers must be included using

#include <header> (note: no .h suffix!).

• All headers of the C Standard Library are available to C++

programmers in a slightly modified form by including <cheader>

(note the c prefix).

The most notable difference between the C++

headers and their original C counterparts is that all functionality

is defined in the std namespace. Whether it is also provided in the

global namespace is up to the implementation: portable code should

therefore use the std namespace at all times.

• This book generally only covers headers of the C Standard Library

if the C++ Standard Library does not offer more modern alternatives.

• More advanced, rarely used topics such as custom memory allocators

are not covered.

Code Examples

To compile and execute the code examples given throughout the book, all you need is

a sufficiently recent C++ compiler. We leave the choice of compiler entirely up to you,

and we further assume you can compile and execute basic C++ programs. All examples

contain standard, portable C++ code only and should compile with any C++ compiler

that is compliant with the C++17 version of the Standard. We occasionally indicate known

limitations of major compilers, but this is not a real goal of this book. In case of problems,

please consult your implementation’s documentation.

Nearly all code examples can be copied as is and put inside the main() function

of a basic command-line application. Generally, only two headers have to be included

to make a code snippet compile: the one being discussed in the context where the

The original C headers may still be included with <header.h>, but their use is deprecated.

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