七周精通七种编程语言原著体验

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OREWORD

I’m pleased to see that Bruce’s taste in programming languages is eclec-

tic. He covers not only the well-established languages such as Ruby but

also less-well-appreciated languages like Io. Ultimately, programming is

about understanding, and understanding is about ideas. So, exposure

to new ideas is essential to a deeper understanding of what program-

ming is all about.

A Zen master might tell you that to be better at mathematics you’d

better study Latin. Thus it is with programming. To better understand

the essence of OO programming, you should study logic or functional

programming (FP). To be better at FP, you should study Assembler.

Books on comparative programming languages were popular when I

grew up as a programmer, but most of these were academic tomes that

gave little practical guidance to how to actually go about using a lan-

guage. This reﬂected the technology of the age. Y o u could read about

the ideas in a language, but actually trying it out was virtually impos-

sible.

Today, not only can we read about the ideas, but we can try them in

practice. This makes the difference between standing on the poolside

wondering whether it would be nice to swim and diving in and enjoying

the water.

I warmly recommend this book and hope that you enjoy reading it as

much as I have.

Joe Armstrong, creator of Erlang

2 March 2010

Stockholm

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ETHODTOTHE

ADNESS

This book will give you such an experience not once but seven times.

Y o u ’ l l ﬁnd answers to the following questions:

• What is the typing model? Typing is strong (Java) or weak (C),

static (Java) or dynamic (Ruby). The languages in this book lean

on the strong typing end of the spectrum, but you’ll encounter

a broad mix of static and dynamic. Y o u will ﬁnd how the trade-

offs impact a developer. The typing model will shape the way you

attack a problem and control the way the language works. Every

language in this book has its own typing idiosyncrasies.

• What is the programming model? Is it object-oriented (OO), func-

tional, procedural, or some type of hybrid? This book has lan-

guages spanning four different programming models and, some-

times, combinations of more than one. Y o u will ﬁnd a logic-based

programming language (Prolog), two languages with full support

for object-oriented concepts (Ruby, Scala), four languages that are

functional in nature (Scala, Erlang, Clojure, Haskell), and one pro-

totype language (Io). Several of the languages are multiparadigm

languages, like Scala. Clojure’s multimethods will even let you

implement your own paradigm. Learning new programming para-

digms is one of the most important concepts in this book.

• How will you interact with it? Languages are compiled or inter-

preted, and some have virtual machines while others don’t. In this

book, I’ll begin to explore with an interactive shell, if there is one.

I will move on to ﬁles when it’s time to attack bigger projects.

W e won’t attack large enough projects to fully dive into packaging

models.

• What are the decision constructs and core data structures? Y o u ’ d

be surprised how many languages can make decisions with things

other than variations of ifs and whiles. Y o u ’ l l see pattern matching

in Erlang and uniﬁcation in Prolog. Collections play a vital role in

just about any language. In languages such as Smalltalk and Lisp,

the collections are deﬁning characteristics of the language. In oth-

ers, like C++ and Java, collections are all over the place, deﬁning

the user’s experience by their absence and lack of cohesion. Either

way, you’ll need a sound understanding of the collections.

• What are the core features that make the language unique? Some

of the languages will support advanced features for concurrent

programming. Others provide unique high-level constructs such

as Clojure’s macros or Io’s message interpretation. Others will give

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ANGUAGES

you a supercharged virtual machine, like Erlang’s BEAM. Because

of it, Erlang will let you build fault-tolerant distributed systems

much more quickly than you can in other languages. Some lan-

guages support programming models that are laser-focused on a

particular problem, such as using logic to solve constraints.

When you’re through, you will not be an expert in any of these lan-

guages, but you

will

know what each uniquely has to offer. Let’s get to

the languages.

1.2 The Languages

Choosing the languages in this book was much easier than you might

imagine. I simply asked potential readers. When we rolled up all the

data, we had eight potential candidates. I struck JavaScript because it

was too popular and replaced it with the next most popular prototype

language, Io. I also struck Python because I wanted no more than one

object-oriented language, and Ruby was higher on the list. That made

room for a surprising candidate, Prolog, which was a top-ten language

on the list. These are the languages that did make the cut and the

reasons I picked them:

• Ruby. This object-oriented language gets high marks for ease of

use and readability. I brieﬂy considered not including any object-

oriented language at all, but I found myself wanting to compare

the different programming paradigms to object-oriented program-

ming (OOP), so including at least one OOP language was impor-

tant. I also wanted to push Ruby a little harder than most pro-

grammers do and give readers a ﬂavor for the core decisions that

shaped the design of Ruby. I decided to take a dive into Ruby

metaprogramming, allowing me to extend the syntax of the lan-

guage. I’m quite happy with the result.

• Io. Along with Prolog, Io is the most controversial language I

included. It is not commercially successful, but the concurrency

constructs with the simplicity and uniformity of syntax are impor-

tant concepts. The minimal syntax is powerful, and the similarities

to Lisp are sometimes striking. Io has a small footprint, is a proto-

type language like JavaScript, and has a unique message dispatch

mechanism that I think you’ll ﬁnd interesting.

• Prolog. Y e s , I know it’s old, but it is also extremely powerful. Solv-

ing a Sudoku in Prolog was an eye-opening experience for me.

I’ve worked hard to solve some difﬁcult problems in Java or C

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ANGUAGES

that would have been effortless in Prolog. Joe Armstrong, creator

of Erlang, helped me gain a deeper appreciation of this language

that strongly inﬂuenced Erlang. If you’ve never had an occasion to

use it, I think you will be pleasantly surprised.

• Scala. One of a new generation of languages on the Java vir-

tual machine, Scala has brought strong functional concepts to the

Java ecosystem. It also embraces OOP. Looking back, I see a strik-

ing similarity to C++, which was instrumental to bridging procedu-

ral programming and OOP. As you dive into the Scala community,

you’ll see why Scala represents pure heresy to pure functional

programmers and pure bliss to Java developers.

•

Erlang.

One of the oldest languages on this list, Erlang is gather-

ing steam as a functional language that gets concurrency, distri-

bution, and fault tolerance right. The creators of CouchDB, one of

the emerging cloud-based databases, chose Erlang and have never

looked back. After spending a little time with this distributed lan-

guage, you’ll see why. Erlang makes designing concurrent, dis-

tributed, fault-tolerant applications much easier than you could

have ever thought possible.

• Clojure. Another JVM language, this Lisp-dialect makes some rad-

ical changes in the way we think about concurrency on the JVM.

It is the only language in this book that uses the same strat-

egy in versioned databases to manage concurrency. As a Lisp

dialect, Clojure packs plenty of punch, supporting perhaps the

most ﬂexible programming model in the book. But unlike other

Lisp dialects, the parentheses are greatly reduced, and you have

a huge ecosystem to lean on, including a huge Java library and

widely available deployment platforms.

• Haskell. This language is the only pure functional language in

the book. That means you won’t ﬁnd mutable state anywhere.

The same function with the same input parameters will give you

the same output, every time. Of all the strongly typed languages,

Haskell supports the most widely respected typing model. Like

Prolog, it will take a little while to understand, but the results will

be worth it.

I’m sorry if your favorite language didn’t make the list. Believe me, I’ve

already gotten hate mail from more than a few language enthusiasts.

W e included several dozen languages in the survey mentioned earlier.

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