Linux编程接口手册：深入理解Linux和UNIX系统编程的权威指南

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Unix编程API手册《The Linux Programming Interface》是一本关于Linux和UNIX®系统编程接口的权威指南。这本书由Linux编程专家Michael Kerrisk撰写，详细介绍了在Linux或UNIX系统上运行的几乎所有应用程序使用的系统调用和库函数。这本书可以帮助读者掌握从事Linux和UNIX编程所需的技能和知识，是一本非常实用的参考资料。该手册详细描述了Linux和UNIX编程接口的各种系统调用和库函数。通过阅读该手册，读者可以学习如何使用这些函数和调用，以及它们在操作系统中的工作原理。手册按照系统调用和库函数的分类进行组织，提供了对每个函数的详细说明，包括函数的参数、返回值和使用方法。此外，手册还提供了大量的示例代码，帮助读者更好地理解并应用这些接口。《The Linux Programming Interface》的内容非常丰富全面。书中涵盖了许多重要的主题，包括进程管理、内存管理、文件和目录操作、信号处理、线程编程等。通过学习这些内容，读者可以了解到系统如何管理进程、如何进行内存分配和管理、如何进行文件和目录操作、如何处理信号等方面的知识。这些知识对于编写高效、安全和可靠的应用程序非常重要。此外，该手册还介绍了一些与网络编程相关的内容。这些内容包括套接字编程、网络通信协议、网络地址转换等。网络编程是现代计算机应用中重要的一部分，掌握这些知识可以帮助读者开发出更强大和可靠的网络应用程序。《The Linux Programming Interface》不仅适合已经具有一定编程经验的开发人员，也适合初学者。对于已经掌握C编程语言的人来说，这本书是理解和学习Linux和UNIX编程接口的绝佳工具。同时，对于有一定UNIX编程经验的开发人员来说，这本书可以帮助他们深入理解操作系统的工作原理和细节。综上所述，《The Linux Programming Interface》是一本深入了解Linux和UNIX编程接口的必读之作。它详细介绍了各种系统调用和库函数，包含丰富的示例代码和详细的说明，可以帮助读者掌握系统编程的技能和知识。这本书对于希望成为专业的Linux或UNIX开发人员的读者来说是一本不可或缺的参考资料。无论是初学者还是有经验的开发人员，都可以从中获得宝贵的知识和经验。

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xiv Contents in Detail

11 SYSTEM LIMITS AND OPTIONS 211

11.1 System Limits............................................................................................................. 212

11.2 Retrieving System Limits (and Options) at Run Time ........................................................ 215

11.3 Retrieving File-Related Limits (and Options) at Run Time.................................................. 217

11.4 Indeterminate Limits ................................................................................................... 219

11.5 System Options......................................................................................................... 219

11.6 Summary.................................................................................................................. 221

11.7 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 222

12 SYSTEM AND PROCESS INFORMATION 223

12.1 The /proc File System................................................................................................. 223

12.1.1 Obtaining Information About a Process:

/proc/PID................................... 224

12.1.2 System Information Under

/proc.............................................................. 226

12.1.3 Accessing

/proc Files ............................................................................ 226

12.2 System Identification:

uname() .................................................................................... 229

12.3 Summary.................................................................................................................. 231

12.4 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 231

13 FILE I/O BUFFERING 233

13.1 Kernel Buffering of File I/O: The Buffer Cache .............................................................. 233

13.2 Buffering in the

stdio Library ....................................................................................... 237

13.3 Controlling Kernel Buffering of File I/O........................................................................ 239

13.4 Summary of I/O Buffering .......................................................................................... 243

13.5 Advising the Kernel About I/O Patterns........................................................................ 244

13.6 Bypassing the Buffer Cache: Direct I/O........................................................................ 246

13.7 Mixing Library Functions and System Calls for File I/O .................................................. 248

13.8 Summary.................................................................................................................. 249

13.9 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 250

14 FILE SYSTEMS 251

14.1 Device Special Files (Devices) ..................................................................................... 252

14.2 Disks and Partitions ................................................................................................... 253

14.3 File Systems.............................................................................................................. 254

14.4 I-nodes..................................................................................................................... 256

14.5 The Virtual File System (VFS) ....................................................................................... 259

14.6 Journaling File Systems............................................................................................... 260

14.7 Single Directory Hierarchy and Mount Points ................................................................ 261

14.8 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems ....................................................................... 262

14.8.1 Mounting a File System:

mount() ............................................................ 264

14.8.2 Unmounting a File System:

umount() and umount2() ................................ 269

14.9 Advanced Mount Features.......................................................................................... 271

14.9.1 Mounting a File System at Multiple Mount Points....................................... 271

14.9.2 Stacking Multiple Mounts on the Same Mount Point................................... 271

14.9.3 Mount Flags That Are Per-Mount Options ................................................. 272

14.9.4 Bind Mounts......................................................................................... 272

14.9.5 Recursive Bind Mounts........................................................................... 273

14.10 A Virtual Memory File System:

tmpfs............................................................................ 274

14.11 Obtaining Information About a File System:

statvfs()...................................................... 276

14.12 Summary.................................................................................................................. 277

14.13 Exercise ................................................................................................................... 278

Contents in Detail xv

15 FILE ATTRIBUTES 279

15.1 Retrieving File Information: stat() ................................................................................. 279

15.2 File Timestamps......................................................................................................... 285

15.2.1 Changing File Timestamps with

utime() and utimes()................................. 287

15.2.2 Changing File Timestamps with

utimensat() and futimens() ........................ 289

15.3 File Ownership ......................................................................................................... 291

15.3.1 Ownership of New Files ........................................................................ 291

15.3.2 Changing File Ownership:

chown(), fchown(), and lchown()....................... 291

15.4 File Permissions......................................................................................................... 294

15.4.1 Permissions on Regular Files................................................................... 294

15.4.2 Permissions on Directories...................................................................... 297

15.4.3 Permission-Checking Algorithm ............................................................... 297

15.4.4 Checking File Accessibility:

access()......................................................... 299

15.4.5 Set-User-ID, Set-Group-ID, and Sticky Bits ................................................. 300

15.4.6 The Process File Mode Creation Mask:

umask()........................................ 301

15.4.7 Changing File Permissions:

chmod() and fchmod()..................................... 303

15.5 I-node Flags (

ext2 Extended File Attributes) ................................................................... 304

15.6 Summary.................................................................................................................. 308

15.7 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 309

16 EXTENDED ATTRIBUTES 311

16.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 311

16.2 Extended Attribute Implementation Details .................................................................... 313

16.3 System Calls for Manipulating Extended Attributes......................................................... 314

16.4 Summary.................................................................................................................. 318

16.5 Exercise ................................................................................................................... 318

17 ACCESS CONTROL LISTS 319

17.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 320

17.2 ACL Permission-Checking Algorithm............................................................................. 321

17.3 Long and Short Text Forms for ACLs............................................................................. 323

17.4 The

ACL_MASK Entry and the ACL Group Class................................................................ 324

17.5 The

getfacl and setfacl Commands ............................................................................... 325

17.6 Default ACLs and File Creation ................................................................................... 327

17.7 ACL Implementation Limits .......................................................................................... 328

17.8 The ACL API ............................................................................................................. 329

17.9 Summary.................................................................................................................. 337

17.10 Exercise ................................................................................................................... 337

18 DIRECTORIES AND LINKS 339

18.1 Directories and (Hard) Links........................................................................................ 339

18.2 Symbolic (Soft) Links .................................................................................................. 342

18.3 Creating and Removing (Hard) Links:

link() and unlink()............................................... 344

18.4 Changing the Name of a File:

rename() ....................................................................... 348

18.5 Working with Symbolic Links:

symlink() and readlink().................................................. 349

18.6 Creating and Removing Directories:

mkdir() and rmdir() ............................................... 350

18.7 Removing a File or Directory:

remove()......................................................................... 352

18.8 Reading Directories:

opendir() and readdir() ................................................................ 352

18.9 File Tree Walking:

nftw() ........................................................................................... 358

18.10 The Current Working Directory of a Process ................................................................. 363

18.11 Operating Relative to a Directory File Descriptor ........................................................... 365

18.12 Changing the Root Directory of a Process:

chroot() ........................................................ 367

18.13 Resolving a Pathname:

realpath() ................................................................................ 369

xvi Contents in Detail

18.14 Parsing Pathname Strings: dirname() and basename() .................................................... 370

18.15 Summary.................................................................................................................. 372

18.16 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 373

19 MONITORING FILE EVENTS 375

19.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 376

19.2 The

inotify API .......................................................................................................... 376

19.3

inotify Events ............................................................................................................ 378

19.4 Reading

inotify Events................................................................................................ 379

19.5 Queue Limits and

/proc Files....................................................................................... 385

19.6 An Older System for Monitoring File Events:

dnotify....................................................... 386

19.7 Summary.................................................................................................................. 386

19.8 Exercise ................................................................................................................... 386

20 SIGNALS: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 387

20.1 Concepts and Overview............................................................................................. 388

20.2 Signal Types and Default Actions ................................................................................ 390

20.3 Changing Signal Dispositions:

signal()......................................................................... 397

20.4 Introduction to Signal Handlers ................................................................................... 398

20.5 Sending Signals:

kill() ............................................................................................... 401

20.6 Checking for the Existence of a Process........................................................................ 403

20.7 Other Ways of Sending Signals:

raise() and killpg() ..................................................... 404

20.8 Displaying Signal Descriptions .................................................................................... 406

20.9 Signal Sets ............................................................................................................... 406

20.10 The Signal Mask (Blocking Signal Delivery) .................................................................. 410

20.11 Pending Signals ........................................................................................................ 411

20.12 Signals Are Not Queued............................................................................................ 412

20.13 Changing Signal Dispositions:

sigaction()..................................................................... 416

20.14 Waiting for a Signal:

pause()...................................................................................... 418

20.15 Summary.................................................................................................................. 418

20.16 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 419

21 SIGNALS: SIGNAL HANDLERS 421

21.1 Designing Signal Handlers ......................................................................................... 422

21.1.1 Signals Are Not Queued (Revisited) ........................................................ 422

21.1.2 Reentrant and Async-Signal-Safe Functions............................................... 422

21.1.3 Global Variables and the

sig_atomic_t Data Type..................................... 428

21.2 Other Methods of Terminating a Signal Handler ........................................................... 428

21.2.1 Performing a Nonlocal Goto from a Signal Handler.................................. 429

21.2.2 Terminating a Process Abnormally:

abort()............................................... 433

21.3 Handling a Signal on an Alternate Stack:

sigaltstack() ................................................... 434

21.4 The

SA_SIGINFO Flag................................................................................................... 437

21.5 Interruption and Restarting of System Calls ................................................................... 442

21.6 Summary.................................................................................................................. 445

21.7 Exercise ................................................................................................................... 446

22 SIGNALS: ADVANCED FEATURES 447

22.1 Core Dump Files ....................................................................................................... 448

22.2 Special Cases for Delivery, Disposition, and Handling ................................................... 450

22.3 Interruptible and Uninterruptible Process Sleep States..................................................... 451

22.4 Hardware-Generated Signals...................................................................................... 452

22.5 Synchronous and Asynchronous Signal Generation ....................................................... 452

Contents in Detail xvii

22.6 Timing and Order of Signal Delivery ........................................................................... 453

22.7 Implementation and Portability of

signal()..................................................................... 454

22.8 Realtime Signals........................................................................................................ 456

22.8.1 Sending Realtime Signals....................................................................... 458

22.8.2 Handling Realtime Signals ..................................................................... 460

22.9 Waiting for a Signal Using a Mask:

sigsuspend() .......................................................... 464

22.10 Synchronously Waiting for a Signal............................................................................. 468

22.11 Fetching Signals via a File Descriptor........................................................................... 471

22.12 Interprocess Communication with Signals ..................................................................... 474

22.13 Earlier Signal APIs (System V and BSD) ........................................................................ 475

22.14 Summary.................................................................................................................. 477

22.15 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 478

23 TIMERS AND SLEEPING 479

23.1 Interval Timers........................................................................................................... 479

23.2 Scheduling and Accuracy of Timers ............................................................................. 485

23.3 Setting Timeouts on Blocking Operations...................................................................... 486

23.4 Suspending Execution for a Fixed Interval (Sleeping) ..................................................... 487

23.4.1 Low-Resolution Sleeping:

sleep().............................................................. 487

23.4.2 High-Resolution Sleeping:

nanosleep()...................................................... 488

23.5 POSIX Clocks............................................................................................................ 491

23.5.1 Retrieving the Value of a Clock:

clock_gettime() ........................................ 491

23.5.2 Setting the Value of a Clock:

clock_settime() ............................................. 492

23.5.3 Obtaining the Clock ID of a Specific Process or Thread ............................. 493

23.5.4 Improved High-Resolution Sleeping:

clock_nanosleep() ............................... 493

23.6 POSIX Interval Timers................................................................................................. 495

23.6.1 Creating a Timer:

timer_create() ............................................................. 495

23.6.2 Arming and Disarming a Timer:

timer_settime() ........................................ 498

23.6.3 Retrieving the Current Value of a Timer:

timer_gettime()............................. 499

23.6.4 Deleting a Timer:

timer_delete() .............................................................. 499

23.6.5 Notification via a Signal........................................................................ 499

23.6.6 Timer Overruns..................................................................................... 503

23.6.7 Notification via a Thread....................................................................... 504

23.7 Timers That Notify via File Descriptors: the

timerfd API ................................................... 507

23.8 Summary.................................................................................................................. 511

23.9 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 512

24 PROCESS CREATION 513

24.1 Overview of fork(), exit(), wait(), and execve() .............................................................. 513

24.2 Creating a New Process:

fork()................................................................................... 515

24.2.1 File Sharing Between Parent and Child .................................................... 517

24.2.2 Memory Semantics of

fork() ................................................................... 520

24.3 The

vfork() System Call .............................................................................................. 522

24.4 Race Conditions After

fork() ....................................................................................... 525

24.5 Avoiding Race Conditions by Synchronizing with Signals............................................... 527

24.6 Summary.................................................................................................................. 529

24.7 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 530

25 PROCESS TERMINATION 531

25.1 Terminating a Process: _exit() and exit()....................................................................... 531

25.2 Details of Process Termination..................................................................................... 533

25.3 Exit Handlers ............................................................................................................ 533

25.4 Interactions Between

fork(), stdio Buffers, and _exit() ..................................................... 537

xviii Contents in Detail

25.5 Summary.................................................................................................................. 538

25.6 Exercise ................................................................................................................... 539

26 MONITORING CHILD PROCESSES 541

26.1 Waiting on a Child Process ........................................................................................ 541

26.1.1 The

wait() System Call........................................................................... 541

26.1.2 The

waitpid() System Call ...................................................................... 544

26.1.3 The Wait Status Value ........................................................................... 545

26.1.4 Process Termination from a Signal Handler .............................................. 549

26.1.5 The

waitid() System Call........................................................................ 550

26.1.6 The

wait3() and wait4() System Calls...................................................... 552

26.2 Orphans and Zombies ............................................................................................... 553

26.3 The

SIGCHLD Signal .................................................................................................... 555

26.3.1 Establishing a Handler for

SIGCHLD .......................................................... 555

26.3.2 Delivery of

SIGCHLD for Stopped Children ................................................. 559

26.3.3 Ignoring Dead Child Processes ............................................................... 559

26.4 Summary.................................................................................................................. 561

26.5 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 562

27 PROGRAM EXECUTION 563

27.1 Executing a New Program: execve() ............................................................................. 563

27.2 The

exec() Library Functions......................................................................................... 567

27.2.1 The

PATH Environment Variable ............................................................... 568

27.2.2 Specifying Program Arguments as a List................................................... 570

27.2.3 Passing the Caller’s Environment to the New Program ............................... 570

27.2.4 Executing a File Referred to by a Descriptor:

fexecve()................................ 571

27.3 Interpreter Scripts ...................................................................................................... 572

27.4 File Descriptors and

exec() .......................................................................................... 575

27.5 Signals and

exec() ..................................................................................................... 578

27.6 Executing a Shell Command:

system() .......................................................................... 579

27.7 Implementing

system() ................................................................................................ 582

27.8 Summary.................................................................................................................. 588

27.9 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 589

28 PROCESS CREATION AND PROGRAM EXECUTION IN

MORE DETAIL 591

28.1 Process Accounting.................................................................................................... 591

28.2 The

clone() System Call .............................................................................................. 598

28.2.1 The

clone() flags Argument ..................................................................... 603

28.2.2 Extensions to

waitpid() for Cloned Children ............................................. 609

28.3 Speed of Process Creation.......................................................................................... 610

28.4 Effect of

exec() and fork() on Process Attributes.............................................................. 612

28.5 Summary.................................................................................................................. 616

28.6 Exercise ................................................................................................................... 616

29 THREADS: INTRODUCTION 617

29.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 617

29.2 Background Details of the Pthreads API ........................................................................ 620

29.3 Thread Creation........................................................................................................ 622

29.4 Thread Termination.................................................................................................... 623

29.5 Thread IDs................................................................................................................ 624

29.6 Joining with a Terminated Thread................................................................................ 625

29.7 Detaching a Thread................................................................................................... 627

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