UNIX编程艺术：探索与实践

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"UNIX 编程艺术 - Eric Steven Raymond 的英文原版 PDF，涵盖了早期的四个章节至全部十五章的内容，经过多次修订完善，是关于 UNIX 操作系统编程的经典著作。" 《UNIX 编程艺术》是由 Eric Steven Raymond 所著的一本深度探讨 UNIX 编程理念和技术的著作。这本书主要面向那些对 UNIX 操作系统有深厚兴趣，并希望掌握其精髓的程序员和系统管理员。通过详细阐述 UNIX 的设计哲学、核心原则以及实用技巧，该书旨在帮助读者提升在 UNIX 平台上的编程效率和代码质量。书中涵盖的内容广泛，包括但不限于以下几个方面： 1. **UNIX 设计哲学**：讲解了 UNIX 系统的设计原则，如简洁性、模块化、组合性以及工具间的协同工作。这些原则不仅适用于操作系统本身，也对编写高效、可维护的软件有着深远影响。 2. **命令行界面与shell脚本**：介绍了如何有效利用 shell 脚本进行自动化任务处理，包括命令行参数解析、管道、重定向和文件管理等，强调了命令行界面在提高生产力中的作用。 3. **文本处理工具**：深入探讨了 sed、awk 和 grep 等文本处理工具的用法，这些工具在数据处理和日志分析中扮演着重要角色。 4. **程序接口（API）和库**：讨论了 C 语言在 UNIX 环境中的重要地位，以及标准 I/O 库、系统调用接口等，解释了如何正确使用这些接口来编写高效、可移植的程序。 5. **进程管理和网络通信**：讲述了进程间通信（IPC）、套接字编程以及网络服务的实现，这些都是构建分布式系统的基础。 6. **错误处理和调试**：强调了错误处理的重要性，提供了有效的调试策略和工具，如 gdb 和 valgrind。 7. **文件系统和权限**：分析了 UNIX 文件系统的结构，包括文件类型、权限和链接，以及如何利用它们来保护系统安全。 8. **版本控制和配置管理**：介绍了版本控制系统如 RCS 和后来的 CVS、Git，它们对于协同开发和项目管理至关重要。 9. **历史和影响**：回顾了 UNIX 的发展历史，以及它对现代操作系统和编程范式的影响。 10. **未来展望**：探讨了 UNIX 面临的挑战和未来的可能发展方向，包括对多核处理器的支持、内存管理和安全性等方面的改进。通过阅读《UNIX 编程艺术》，读者不仅可以学习到具体的编程技术，还能深入理解 UNIX 的思维方式，从而更好地适应和利用这个强大而灵活的操作系统。无论是对于新手还是经验丰富的开发者，本书都是一份不可多得的参考资料。

Preface

Table of Contents

Who Should Read This Book

How To Use This Book

Related References

Conventions Used In This Book

Our Case Studies

Author's Acknowledgements

Unix is not so much an operating system as an oral history.

--Neal Stephenson

There is a vast difference between knowledge and expertise. Knowledge lets you deduce the

right thing to do; expertise makes the right thing a reflex, hardly requiring conscious thought

at all.

This book has a lot of knowledge in it, but it is mainly about expertise. It is going to try to

teach you the things about Unix development that Unix experts know, but aren't aware that

they know. It is therefore less about technicalia and more about shared culture than most

Unix books — both explicit and implicit culture, both conscious and unconscious traditions.

It is not a “how-to” book, it is a “why-to” book.

The why-to has great practical importance, because far too much software is poorly

designed. Much of it suffers from bloat, is exceedingly hard to maintain, and is too difficult

to port to new platforms or extend in ways the original programmers didn't anticipate. These

problems are symptoms of bad design. We hope that readers of this book will learn

something of what Unix has to teach about good design.

This book is divided into four parts: Context, Design, Tools, and Community. The first part

(Context) is philosophy and history, intended to provide foundation and motivation for what

follows. The second part (Design) unfolds the principles of the Unix philosophy into more

specific advice about design and programming. The third part (Tools) focuses on the

software Unix provides for helping you solve problems. The fourth part (Community) is

about the human-to-human transactions and agreements that make the Unix culture so

effective at what it does.

Because this is a book about shared culture, the author never planned to write it alone. You

will notice that the text includes guest appearances by prominent Unix developers, the

shapers of the Unix tradition. The book went through an extended public review process

during which the author invited these luminaries to comment on and argue with the text.

Rather than submerging the results of that review process in the final version, these guests

were encouraged to speak with their own voices, amplifying and developing and even

disagreeing with the main line of the text.

This book is written using the editorial ‘we’ not to pretend omniscience but reflecting the

fact that it is an attempt to articulate the expertise of an entire community. One of the

‘guests’ will be the author himself, occasionally speaking in first person to convey a

reminiscence, a war story, or a personal opinion that is not necessarily reflective of the Unix

community at large.

Because this book is aimed at transmitting culture, it includes much more in the way of

history and folklore and asides than is normal for a technical book. Enjoy; these things, too,

are part of your education as a Unix programmer. No single one of the historical details is

vital, but the gestalt of them all is important. We think it makes a more interesting story this

way. More importantly, understanding where Unix came from and how it got the way it is

will help you develop an intuitive feel for the Unix style.

For the same reason, we refuse to write as if history is over. You will find an unusually large

number of references to the time of writing in this book. We do not wish to pretend that

current practice reflects some sort of timeless and perfectly logical outcome of preordained

destiny. References to time of writing are meant as an alert to the reader two or three or five

years hence that the associated statements of fact may have become dated and should be

double-checked.

Other things this book is not is neither a C tutorial, nor a guide to the Unix commands and

API. It is not a reference for sed or Yacc or Perl or Python. It's not a network programming

primer, nor an exhaustive guide to the mysteries of X. It's not a tour of Unix's internals and

architecture, either. There are other books that cover these specifics better, and this book will

point you at them as appropriate.

How To Use This Book

Preface

How To Use This Book

This book is both practical and philosophical. Some parts will be aphoristic and general,

others will examine specific case studies in Unix development. We will try to precede or

follow general principles and aphorisms with examples that illustrate them; examples drawn

not from toy demonstration programs but rather from real working code that is in use every

day.

We have deliberately avoided filling the book with lots of code or specification-file

examples, even though in many places this might have made it easier to write (and in some

places perhaps easier to read!). Most books about programming give too many low-level

details and examples, but fail at giving the reader a high-level feel for what is really going

on. In this book, we prefer to err in the opposite direction.

Therefore, while you will often be invited to read code and specification files, relatively few

are actually included in the book. Instead, we'll point you at examples on the Web.

All the code referenced in this book is available on-line, in open source, over the Internet.

Use that resource! The case studies we choose are exemplars. You'll notice that some of

these exemplars come up repeatedly, as case studies from different angles. This is deliberate;

it is intended to reduce the amount of code and documentation you have to read in order to

observe the entire range of design patterns we discuss.

Absorbing these examples will help solidify the principles you learn into semi-instinctive

working knowledge. Ideally, you should read this book near the console of a running Linux

system, with a web browser handy. Any Unix will do, but the software case studies are more

likely to be immediately available for inspection on a Linux box. The pointers in the book

are invitations to browse and experiment. Introduction of these pointers is paced so that

wandering off to explore for a while won't break up exposition that has to be continuous.

Note: while we have made every effort to cite URLs that should remain stable and usable,

there is no way we can guarantee this. If you find that a cited link has gone stale, use

common sense and do a phrase search with your favorite Web search engine. Where possible

we suggest ways to do this near the URLs we cite.

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