无线微电子学：Behzad Razavi教材解析

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"RF MICROELECTRONICS - Second Edition by Behzad Razavi" "RF MICROELECTRONICS"是通信工程和新兴技术系列中的一本重要教材，由Behzad Razavi撰写。这本书针对无线、数字和其他创新技术提供了前沿的学习资料，这些技术正在全球范围内革新通信领域。该系列书籍旨在让读者了解这些领域的顶尖专家的思想，甚至在技术发展和实施的过程中就能获取到相关知识。 RF（射频）微电子学是电子工程的一个关键分支，专注于设计和理解在无线通信中使用的高频电子设备和系统。Razavi的第二版教材涵盖了射频电路和系统的最新进展，包括射频信号的产生、传输、接收和处理。它不仅适用于初学者，也适合有经验的工程师作为参考资料，深入探讨了射频微电子的基本原理和实践应用。本书可能涵盖以下关键知识点： 1. **射频基础**：解释了射频的定义、频谱范围以及射频信号的特性，如频率、波长和调制方式。 2. **射频电路**：涵盖基本的射频元件，如电容、电感、电阻以及射频放大器（如LNA - 低噪声放大器）、混频器、振荡器等。 3. **微波工程**：介绍微波频率下的传播、反射和衰减，以及微波组件如滤波器、耦合器和天线的设计。 4. **射频集成电路（RFIC）**：讲解集成射频电路的概念，包括CMOS、GaAs等工艺，以及RFIC设计中的挑战和解决方案。 5. **无线通信系统**：讨论射频在无线通信系统中的作用，如移动通信、卫星通信和无线局域网（Wi-Fi）等。 6. **模拟和数字信号处理**：涵盖模拟信号转换为数字信号的过程，以及数字信号处理在射频系统中的应用。 7. **噪声和线性度**：分析射频电路的噪声性能和非线性效应，以及如何优化它们。 8. **射频系统设计**：介绍如何将各个射频组件集成到一个完整的无线通信系统中，包括系统级的考虑和性能优化。 9. **实验与实例**：书中可能包含实际案例研究和设计示例，帮助读者将理论知识应用于实际工程问题。 10. **最新技术趋势**：可能会探讨射频技术的最新发展，如5G通信、物联网(IoT)以及毫米波技术等。在学习这本书时，读者可以期待获得深入的理论知识和实践经验，这对于理解和设计现代射频系统至关重要。无论是在学术研究还是工业界，"RF MICROELECTRONICS"都是一本不可多得的参考资料。

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

In the 14 years since the ﬁrst edition of this book, RF IC design has experienced a dramatic

metamorphosis. Innovations in transceiver architectures, circuit topologies, and device

structures have led to highly-integrated “radios” that span a broad spectrum of applica-

tions. Moreover, new analytical and modeling techniques have considerably improved

our understanding of RF circuits and their underlying principles. A new edition was

therefore due.

The second edition differs from the ﬁrst in several respects:

1. I realized at the outset—three-and-a-half years ago—that simply adding “patches”

to the ﬁrst edition would not reﬂect today’s RF microelectronics. I thus closed the

ﬁrst edition and began with a clean slate. The two editions have about 10% overlap.

2. I wanted the second edition to contain greater pedagogy, helping the reader under-

stand both the fundamentals and the subtleties. I have thus incorporated hundreds

of examples and problems.

3. I also wanted to teach design in addition to analysis. I have thus included step-by-

step design procedures and examples. Furthermore, I have dedicated Chapter 13 to

the step-by-step transistor-level design of a dual-band WiFi transceiver.

4. With the tremendous advances in RF design, some of the chapters have inevitably

become longer and some have been split into two or more chapters. As a result, the

second edition is nearly three times as long as the ﬁrst.

Suggestions for Instructors and Students

The material in this book is much more than can be covered in one quarter or semester.

The following is a possible sequence of the chapters that can be taught in one term with

reasonable depth. Depending on the students’ background and the instructor’s preference,

other combinations of topics can also be covered in one quarter or semester.

xvi Preface to the Second Edition

Chapter 1: Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology

This chapter provides the big picture and should be covered in about half an hour.

Chapter 2: Basic Concepts in RF Design

The following sections should be covered: General Considerations, Effects of

Nonlinearity (the section on AM/PM Conversion can be skipped), Noise, and Sen-

sitivity and Dynamic Range. (The sections on Passive Impedance Transformation,

Scattering Parameters, and Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems can be skipped.)

This chapter takes about six hours of lecture.

Chapter 3: Communication Concepts

This chapter can be covered minimally in a quarter system—for example, Analog

Modulation, Quadrature Modulation, GMSK Modulation, Multiple Access Tech-

niques, and the IEEE802.11a/b/g Standard. In a semester system, the concept of signal

constellations can be introduced and a few more modulation schemes and wireless

standards can be taught. This chapter takes about two hours in a quarter system and

three hours in a semester system.

Chapter 4: Transceiver Architectures

This chapter is relatively long and should be taught selectively. The following

sections should be covered: General Considerations, Basic and Modern Hetero-

dyne Receivers, Direct-Conversion Receivers, Image-Reject Receivers, and Direct-

Conversion Transmitters. In a semester system, Low-IF Receivers and Heterodyne

Transmitters can be covered as well. This chapter takes about eight hours in a quarter

system and ten hours in a semester system.

Chapter 5: Low-Noise Ampliﬁers

The following sections should be covered: General Considerations, Problem of

Input Matching, and LNA Topologies. A semester system can also include Gain

Switching and Band Switching or High-IP

LNAs. This chapter takes about six hours

in a quarter system and eight hours in a semester system.

Chapter 6: Mixers

The following sections should be covered: General Considerations, Passive

Downconversion Mixers (the computation of noise and input impedance of voltage-

driven sampling mixers can be skipped), Active Downconversion Mixers, and

Active Mixers with High IP

. In a semester system, Active Mixers with Enhanced

Transconductance, Active Mixers with Low Flicker Noise, and Upconversion

Mixers can also be covered. This chapter takes about eight hours in a quarter system

and ten hours in a semester system.

Chapter 7: Passive Devices

This chapter may not ﬁt in a quarter system. In a semester system, about three

hours can be spent on basic inductor structures and loss mechanisms and MOS

varactors.

Chapter 8: Oscillators

This is a long chapter and should be taught selectively. The following sections

should be covered: Basic Principles, Cross-Coupled Oscillator, Voltage-Controlled

Preface to the Second Edition xvii

Oscillators, Low-Noise VCOs. In a quarter system, there is little time to cover phase

noise. In a semester system, both approaches to phase noise analysis can be taught.

This chapter takes about six hours in a quarter system and eight hours in a semester

system.

Chapter 9: Phase-Locked Loops

This chapter forms the foundation for synthesizers. In fact, if taught carefully, this

chapter naturally teaches integer-N synthesizers, allowing a quarter system to skip the

next chapter. The following sections should be covered: Basic Concepts, Type-I PLLs,

Type-II PLLs, and PFD/CP Nonidealities. A semester system can also include Phase

Noise in PLLs and Design Procedure. This chapter takes about four hours in a quarter

system and six hours in a semester system.

Chapter 10: Integer-N Synthesizers

This chapter is likely sacriﬁced in a quarter system. A semester system can spend

about four hours on Spur Reduction Techniques and Divider Design.

Chapter 11: Fractional-N Synthesizers

This chapter is likely sacriﬁced in a quarter system. A semester system can spend

about four hours on Randomization and Noise Shaping. The remaining sections may

be skipped.

Chapter 12: Power Ampliﬁers

This is a long chapter and, unfortunately, is often sacriﬁced for other chapters.

If coverage is desired, the following sections may be taught: General Considera-

tions, Classiﬁcation of Power Ampliﬁers, High-Efﬁciency Power Ampliﬁers, Cascode

Output Stages, and Basic Linearization Techniques. These topics take about four

hours of lecture. Another four hours can be spent on Doherty Power Ampliﬁer, Polar

Modulation, and Outphasing.

Chapter 13: Transceiver Design Example

This chapter provides a step-by-step design of a dual-band transceiver. It is possi-

ble to skip the state-of-the-art examples in Chapters 5, 6, and 8 to allow some time for

this chapter. The system-level derivations may still need to be skipped. The RX, TX,

and synthesizer transistor-level designs can be covered in about four hours.

A solutions manual is available for instructors via the Pearson Higher Education Instruc-

tor Resource Center web site: pearsonhighered.com/irc; and a set of Powerpoint slides is

available for instructors at informit.com/razavi. Additional problems will be posted on the

book’s website (informit.com/razavi).

—Behzad Razavi

July 2011

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

The annual worldwide sales of cellular phones has exceeded $2.5B. With 4.5 million cus-

tomers, home satellite networks comprise a $2.5B industry. The global positioning system

is expected to become a $5B market by the year 2000. In Europe, the sales of equip-

ment and services for mobile communications will reach $30B by 1998. The statistics are

overwhelming.

The radio frequency (RF) and wireless market has suddenly expanded to unimaginable

dimensions. Devices such as pagers, cellular and cordless phones, cable modems, and

RF identiﬁcation tags are rapidly penetrating all aspects of our lives, evolving from luxury

items to indispensable tools. Semiconductor and system companies, small and large, analog

and digital, have seen the statistics and are striving to capture their own market share by

introducing various RF products.

RF design is unique in that it draws upon many disciplines unrelated to integrated

circuits (ICs). The RF knowledge base has grown for almost a century, creating a seemingly

endless body of literature for the novice.

This book deals with the analysis and design of RF integrated circuits and systems.

Providing a systematic treatment of RF electronics in a tutorial language, the book begins

with the necessary background knowledge from microwave and communication theory

and leads the reader to the design of RF transceivers and circuits. The text emphasizes both

architecture and circuit level issues with respect to monolithic implementation in VLSI

technologies. The primary focus is on bipolar and CMOS design, but most of the con-

cepts can be applied to other technologies as well. The reader is assumed to have a basic

understanding of analog IC design and the theory of signals and systems.

The book consists of nine chapters. Chapter 1 gives a general introduction, posing ques-

tions and providing motivation for subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 describes basic concepts

in RF and microwave design, emphasizing the effects of nonlinearity and noise.

Chapters 3 and 4 take the reader to the communication system level, giving an overview

of modulation, detection, multiple access techniques, and wireless standards. While ini-

tially appearing to be unnecessary, this material is in fact essential to the concurrent design

of RF circuits and systems.

xix

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