游戏编程中的3D图形学：纹理，模型与采样深度解析

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"3DGraphics for Game Programming" 是一本由JungHyun Han编著的图形学经典书籍，专注于游戏开发中的3D图形技术。在3D图形学领域，该书详细探讨了几个核心概念和关键技术。首先，"纹理"是3D物体表面的重要组成部分，书中可能涵盖了纹理映射、纹理坐标、纹理过滤以及各种纹理压缩技术，这些内容对于创建真实感的三维环境至关重要。纹理可以使模型看起来更加丰富和多维，通过不同的纹理技术，可以模拟出各种各样的表面质感，如木纹、金属光泽或布料质地。其次，"模型"是3D图形的基础，包括几何模型创建、网格简化、拓扑优化以及模型的导入与导出格式等。书中可能会讲解如何使用多边形建模、细分表面建模或者NURBS曲线来构建复杂的3D形状。同时，模型的优化也是关键，例如，通过LOD（Level of Detail）层次细节技术，可以在远近不同的距离上提供适当的模型细节，以提高渲染效率。再者，"采样"是图像处理和渲染中的核心算法之一，尤其是纹理采样和抗锯齿技术。书中可能会介绍不同类型的采样策略，如最近邻采样、双线性插值、三线性过滤和各向异性过滤，这些都是提高图像质量和视觉效果的重要手段。抗锯齿技术则用于消除边缘的锯齿现象，提升图像的整体平滑度。此外，书籍可能还会涉及光照、阴影、着色模型、摄像机控制、动画系统、图形API（如OpenGL或DirectX）的使用，以及物理模拟和碰撞检测等游戏开发中常见的主题。这些内容不仅对于游戏开发者，对于任何希望深入理解3D图形渲染原理的读者来说，都是极其宝贵的资源。 "3DGraphics for Game Programming"是一本全面覆盖3D图形学基础知识和实践应用的书籍，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获取到丰富的知识和灵感。通过学习本书，你将能够更好地理解和实现游戏中的逼真3D世界。

4 3D Graphics for Game Programming

Fig. 1.5: The polygon mesh can be animated by controlling its skeleton.

Fig. 1.6: Results of rendering the animated scenes.

The soldier should be able to walk, run, and crawl, i.e., it needs to be

animated. For this purpose, we usually specify the skeletal structure of the

soldier and then deﬁne how the skeletal motion deforms the soldier’s polygon

mesh such that, for example, the polygons of the thigh are made to move

when the thigh-bone moves. This process is often referred to as rigging. Fig.

1.4 shows a skeleton embedded into the polygon model. A rigged model is

animated by artists. (The animations are then replayed at run time.) Fig.

1.5 shows a few snapshots of an animated soldier in wireframes.

The artists perform modeling and animation in an oﬀ-line mode. Dedicated

programs such as Autodesk 3ds Max and Autodesk Maya are popularly used.

This book uses 3ds Max for demonstrating the artists’ work.

Modeling in Game Production 5

Computer games generate an illusion of movement on the screen by quickly

displaying a sequence of changing images, called frames. When replaying an

object’s animation created by artists, distinct shape and pose (position and

orientation) of the object are computed per frame. In addition, run-time dy-

namics caused by external forces and collisions among the game objects is

handled, and the states of the involved objects are updated per frame. (This

process is referred to as physics-based simulation and is presented in Chap-

ter 12.) Furthermore, lighting conditions and viewing speciﬁcations can be

changed per frame. When all such parameters are determined, the rendering

module is invoked. Rendering is the process of generating a 2D image from

a 3D scene. The image makes up a frame. Fig. 1.6 shows the results of

rendering the animated scenes.

Unlike modeling and oﬀ-line animation conducted by artists, run-time an-

imation and rendering are executed by a game program. It is typically built

upon graphics APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) such as Direct3D

[1] and OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) [2]. Direct3D is part of Microsoft’s

DirectX API and is available only for Microsoft platforms. OpenGL is man-

aged by a non-proﬁt consortium, the Khronos Group, and is a cross-platform

standard API.

Graphics APIs provide application programmers with essential graphics

functions. Today, such functions are implemented in hardware, named GPU

(Graphics Processing Unit), which is a processor specialized for graphics. A

graphics API can be taken as a software interface of the GPU. The API

translates the application’s graphics command to instructions that can be

executed by the GPU.

This book is not intended to be a manual for Direct3D or OpenGL, but

presents the sample programs bit by bit. They help the readers understand

how the real-time graphics algorithms are implemented. For programming

with the APIs, their SDK manuals should be referenced. For example, Di-

rect3D SDK [3] provides tutorials and samples for beginners.

1.2 Polygon Mesh

In 3D computer graphics, various modeling techniques are used. Consider a

sphere of radius r that is centered at (C

, C

). Its simplest representation

is to use the sphere equation. See Fig. 1.7-(a). It is an example of an implicit

surface based on an implicit function f(x, y, z) = 0. Suppose that, when a

point (x, y, z) is inserted into the implicit function, the result is zero. Then,

the point is on the implicit surface.

We can represent the sphere explicitly in terms of its topological entities

such as vertices. A good example of such an explicit representation is the

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