Bi2Te3拓扑绝缘体驱动的Nd:YVO4 Q开关脉冲激光器研究
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本文主要探讨了一种新颖的固体激光技术，即利用拓扑绝缘体Bi2Te3作为反射型饱和吸收器实现Nd:YVO4晶体激光器的Q开关调制脉冲锁定（Q-switched mode-locking, QML）操作。这项研究通过采用水热插层/剥落法制备的Bi2Te3材料，实现了对Nd:YVO4激光器的稳定QML控制，这是在1微米波长范围内使用拓扑绝缘体作为饱和吸收器进行被动QML的首次报告。
作者Pingxue Li、Guangju Zhang等人展示了一个显著的成果：当泵浦功率达到6.39瓦时，该激光器的最大输出功率可达到247毫瓦。这一突破性技术不仅提升了激光器的能量转换效率，而且在脉冲宽度方面也取得了优异的表现，最短可达到2微秒，这意味着其时间分辨率极高。此外，激光器的重复频率也达到了151.5千赫兹，显示出极高的脉冲率。
QML在激光技术中的应用是关键，它通过引入一个非线性饱和吸收元件来控制激光输出，从而实现短脉冲的产生，这对于许多领域，如光纤通信、精密测量和材料加工等具有重要意义。Nd:YVO4是一种常见的掺杂Nd离子的yttrium orthovanadate晶体，因其在红外波段的高亮度和可调谐特性而被广泛用于固体激光器中。
本文的工作展示了拓扑绝缘体材料在激光器设计中的潜在价值，特别是作为新型饱和吸收器，可能为未来开发出更高性能、更小型化和更具成本效益的QML激光器开辟了新的路径。然而，尽管取得了这些成就，但仍需进一步研究来优化材料的制备方法、提高QML的稳定性以及扩展到其他光谱区域的应用。
总结来说，这篇论文提供了关于如何利用拓扑绝缘体Bi2Te3实现高效QMLNd:YVO4激光器的技术细节，这对固体激光技术的发展和拓扑材料在光子学领域的应用具有重要的科学价值和潜在的实际应用前景。
1912 IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 26, NO. 19, OCTOBER 1, 2014
Q-Switched Mode-Locked Nd:YVO
4
Laser by
Topological Insulator Bi
2
Te
3
Saturable Absorber
Pingxue Li, Guangju Zhang, Han Zhang, Chujun Zhao, Junjie Chi, Ziqiang Zhao,
Chun Yang, Haowei Hu, and Yifei Yao
Abstract—By using a reflection type of topological insulator
Bi
2
Te
3
as saturable absorber that was prepared by a hydrother-
mal intercalation/exfoliation method, we have demonstrated the
stable Q-switched mode-locked operation of Nd:YVO
4
solid-state
laser. Its maximum output power can reach up to 247 mW
with respect to the absorbed pump power of 6.39 W. To the
best of our knowledge, this is the first report for passively
Q-switched mode-locking Nd:YVO
4
solid-state laser at 1-µm
wavelength using a topological insulator Bi
2
Te
3
as saturable
absorber. In the experiment, we have also observed the stable
Q-switched operation with pulse width as short as 2 µs, output
power 183 mW, and repetition rate up to 151.5 kHz.
Index Terms— Solid lasers, topological insulator, Q-switched
mode-locking, Nd:YVO
4
.
I. INTRODUCTION
M
ODE-LOCKING (ML) is the main technique in the
generation of ultra-short pulses. In this technique, a
saturable absorber is usually needed as the modulation element
and a lot of results have been reported on the mode-locking
solid-state lasers [1]–[6]. In these saturable absorbers, the
semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) is usually
used in the oscillator [1], [5] and [6]. Recently, there are
increasingly interests in exploring two dimensional layered
saturable absorber, ranging from graphene, topological insula-
tors (TIs) to transition metal dichalcogenides (see MoS
2
[7]).
Defined as the Dirac material, graphene has been proved to
be a promising saturable absorber. It enjoys the advantages
of a wide absorption band, low cost, easy fabrication and
much shorter recovery time. Up to date, several groups have
employed graphene-based saturable absorbers in both the fiber
and solid-state lasers, and have achieved the ultra-short pulse
generation [8]–[11], [12]–[16].
Similar to graphene, TIs belong to another type of Dirac
material. They have drawn scientists’ interests especially in
the research field of condensed-matter physics and quantum
Manuscript received July 13, 2014; accepted July 21, 2014. Date of
publication July 30, 2014; date of current version September 8, 2014. This
work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
under Grant 61205047. (Pingxue Li and Han Zhang contributed equally to
this work.)
P.Li,G.Zhang,J.Chi,Z.Zhao,C.Yang,H.Hu,andY.Yaoarewith
the Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing
100124, China (e-mail: pxli@bjut.edu.cn).
H. Zhang and C. Zhao are with the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic
Devices and Systems, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Col-
lege of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060
China.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this letter are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LPT.2014.2341832
physics, as they have new quantum states and unique electronic
properties [17]. The surface states of TIs exhibit the linear
Dirac spectrum dispersion as graphene, which originates from
the strong spin–orbit coupling. This leads to the special elec-
tronic property of TIs that the conducting states on TIs surface
are protected by time-reversal symmetry, with which the
impact of back scattering and impurities can be reduced [18].
However, unlike the research on their electronic properties,
the investigations on the optical properties of TIs are still
limited. Most recently, François Bernard et al. have studied
the nonlinear optical property of TIs with the balanced twin-
detector measurement technique and found that, like graphene,
TI: Bi
2
Te
3
exhibits saturable absorption under 1.5 μmlase
illumination [19]. After that, Zhao et al. investigated the
nonlinear optical absorption of TIs and reported on ultra-short
pulses from the lasers using TIs: Bi
2
Te
3
and Bi
2
Se
3
. In 2012,
they obtained stable soliton pulses with 1.57 ps at 1564.6 nm
from an erbium-doped fiber laser with Bi
2
Se
3
[20]. In the
same year, with the help of Bi
2
Te
3
-based saturable absorber,
self-started mode-locked (ML) operation was achieved from
an erbium-doped fiber laser. The pulses had a central wave-
length of 1558 nm with the pulse width of 1.21 ps [21].
Lee et al had also obtained the erbium-doped ML fiber laser
with Bi
2
Te
3
-based saturable absorber. Their laser produced
stable soliton pulses with a temporal width of ∼600 fs at
the 1547 nm wavelength [22]. Another type of topological
insulator: antimony telluride (Sb
2
Te
3
) had also been developed
as a very efficient optical saturable absorber for the mode-
locking of an Erbium-doped fiber laser by Sotor et al.They
obtained the optical solitons centered at 1558.6 nm with
the pulse width of 1.8 ps [23]. Equally important is that
Jung et al. had demonstrated a topological insulator based mid-
infrared saturable absorber at 2 μm, unambiguously verifying
the broadband saturable absorption property of topological
insulator [24]. Besides its applications for mode-locking oper-
ation, Chen et al. reported a Bi
2
Se
3
Q-switched (QS) erbium-
doped fiber laser in an all-fiber cavity which has a pulse
duration of 14 μs centered at 1565.14 nm with a repetition
of 8.865 kHz [25]. Luo et al. reported another Bi
2
Se
3
QS
all-fiber laser centered at 1067 nm with the maximum pulse
energy of 17.9 nJ, and the shortest pulse duration was 1.95 μs
with the tunable repetition varying from 8.3 to 29.1 kHz [26].
In addition to the research on the QS and ML fiber lasers,
researchers are also developing similar research on solid-state
laser. In 2013, Tang et al. reported the QS Er:YAG ceramic
solid-state laser using TI: Bi
2
Te
3
. They obtained the QS pulses
with the pulse width, pulse repetition and per-pulse energy
1041-1135 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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