C++标准库教程与参考：高清英文版

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《C++标准程序库》是一本全面介绍C++编程中核心库的教程与参考书籍，由尼科莱·约苏蒂斯（Nicolai M. Josuttis）编著。这本书旨在帮助读者深入理解并熟练运用C++标准库，它是C++语言的重要组成部分，对于提升编程效率和编写高质量代码具有关键作用。书中详细介绍了诸如容器（如vector、list、set等）、算法（如排序、查找、迭代器操作）、函数对象（functors）、智能指针（smart pointers）、异常处理（exception handling）、I/O流（iostreams）以及许多其他实用模块。作者将理论与实践相结合，不仅阐述了库的设计理念和工作原理，还提供了大量实例和应用场景，以便读者能够快速上手并掌握这些功能。作为英文高清影音版，这本书不仅提供纸质文本，还可能包含了视频教程或音频讲解，便于不同学习风格的读者选择适合自己的学习方式。书中强调了版权保护，注明了制造商和卖家的商标声明，并明确指出出版社不对书中信息的准确性或完整性做出任何形式的保证，仅限于提供信息供读者参考，不承担因使用书中内容导致的间接或附带损失的责任。该书在出版时，还列出了版权信息，包括图书馆编目数据和联系AWLDirectSales获取批量订购折扣的方式。出版社地址位于美国马萨诸塞州，读者可以通过其官方网站（www.awl.com/cseng）获取更多资源和支持。《C++标准程序库》是一本不可或缺的参考资料，无论是初学者还是专业开发者，都能从中受益匪浅，它帮助读者扩展编程技能，理解和利用C++语言的强大功能，提升软件开发的质量和效率。通过阅读这本书，读者可以更好地融入C++生态系统，成为高效、标准化的C++编程专家。

The C++ Standard Library

dyne-book

Templates are functions or classes that are written for one or more types not yet specified. When

you use a template, you pass the types as arguments, explicitly or implicitly. The following is a

typical example — a function that returns the maximum of two values:

template <class T>

inline const T& max (const T& a, const T& b)

{

// if a <b then use b else use a

return a < b ? b : a;

}

Here, the first line defines T as an arbitrary data type that is specified by the caller when the caller

calls the function. You can use any identifier as a parameter name, but using T is very common, if

not a de facto convention. The type is classified by class, although it does not have to be a

class. You can use any data type as long as it provides the operations that the template uses.

[3]

class was used here to avoid the introduction of a new keyword when templates were introduced.

However, now there is a new keyword, typename, that you can also use here (see page 11).

Following the same principle, you can "parameterize" classes on arbitrary types. This is useful for

container classes. You can implement the container operations for an arbitrary element type. The

C++ standard library provides many template container classes (for example, see Chapter 6 or

Chapter 10). It also uses template classes for many other reasons. For example, the string

classes are parameterized on the type of the characters and the properties of the character set

(see Chapter 11).

A template is not compiled once to generate code usable for any type; instead, it is compiled for

each type or combination of types for which it is used. This leads to an important problem in the

handling of templates in practice: You must have the implementation of a template function

available when you call it, so that you can compile the function for your specific type. Therefore,

the only portable way of using templates at the moment is to implement them in header files by

using inline functions.

[4]

To avoid the problem of templates having to be present in header files, the standard introduced a

template compilation model with the keyword export. However, I have not seen it implemented yet.

The full functionality of the C++ standard library requires not only the support of templates in

general, but also many new standardized template features, including those discussed in the

following paragraphs.

Nontype Template Parameters

In addition to type parameters, it is also possible to use nontype parameters. A nontype

parameter is then considered as part of the type. For example, for the standard class bitset<>

(class bitset<> is introduced in Section 10.4,) you can pass the number of bits as the

template argument. The following statements define two bitfields, one with 32 bits and one with

50 bits:

bitset<32> fIags32; // bitset with 32 bits

bitset<50> flags50; // bitset with 50 bits

These bitsets have different types because they use different template arguments. Thus, you

can't assign or compare them (except if a corresponding type conversion is provided).

Default Template Parameters

The C++ Standard Library

dyne-book

Templates classes may have default arguments. For example, the following declaration allows

one to declare objects of class MyClass with one or two template arguments

[5]

Note that you have to put a space between the two ">" characters. ">>" would be parsed as shift

operator, which would result in a syntax error.

template <class T, class container = vector<T> >

class MyClass;

If you pass only one argument, the default parameter is used as second argument:

MyClass<int> x1; // equivalent to: MyClass<int,vector<int> >

Note that default template arguments may be defined in terms of previous arguments.

Keyword

typename

The keyword typename was introduced to specify that the identifier that follows is a type.

Consider the following example:

template <class T>

Class MyClass {

typename T::SubType * ptr;

...

};

Here, typename is used to clarify that SubType is a type of class T. Thus, ptr is a pointer to

the type T::SubType. Without typename, SubType would be considered a static member.

Thus

T::SubType * ptr

would be a multiplication of value SubType of type T with ptr.

According to the qualification of SubType being a type, any type that is used in place of T must

provide an inner type SubType. For example, the use of type Q as a template argument

MyClass<Q> x;

is possible only if type Q has an inner type definition such as the following:

class Q {

typedef int SubType;

...

};

In this case, the ptr member of MyClass<Q> would be a pointer to type int. However, the

subtype could also be an abstract data type (such as a class):

class Q {

class SubType;

...

};

Note that typename is always necessary to qualify an identifier of a template as being a type,

even if an interpretation that is not a type would make no sense. Thus, the general rule in C++ is

that any identifier of a template is considered to be a value, except it is qualified by typename.

Apart from this, typename can also be used instead of class in a template declaration:

template <typename T> class MyClass;

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