深入构建Linux系统：LFS-BOOK-6.5解析

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"LFS-BOOK-6.5 非常棒的 Linux 深入学习书籍，适合想要从源代码构建自定义 Linux 系统的高级用户，由 Gerard Beekmans 编写，遵循 Creative Commons 和 MIT 许可证。" 这本书，Linux From Scratch (LFS) 的第 6.5 版，是一本专为 Linux 爱好者和专业人士设计的指南，旨在帮助读者深入理解 Linux 内核以及操作系统的工作原理。通过亲手构建一个 Linux 系统，读者可以深入了解各个组件如何协同工作，并掌握操作系统的核心概念。在书中的“ Preface”部分，作者提到了本书的目标读者群体（Audience）是那些已经具备一定 Linux 基础知识的用户，并且列出了构建 LFS 系统所需的先决条件（Prerequisites）和主机系统需求（Host System Requirements）。此外，书中还介绍了排版规则（Typography）、结构（Structure），以及发现错误的处理方式（Errata）。第一部分“Introduction”介绍了如何构建 LFS 系统的流程，包括新版本的变化、更新日志，以及各种资源和帮助信息。这部分是引导读者进入构建过程的起点，提供了详细的步骤指导和建议。第二部分“Preparing for the Build”涵盖了在构建 LFS 系统前需要做的准备工作。首先，第 2 章讲解了创建新的分区，包括创建新分区、建立文件系统以及挂载新分区的步骤。接着，第 3 章详细列出了所有需要的软件包（Packages）和补丁（Patches），帮助读者准备必要的构建材料。最后，第 4 章讨论了关于 $LFS 的设置，创建 $LFS/tools 目录等最终准备工作，确保构建环境的就绪。通过本书的学习，读者不仅可以提升 Linux 技能，还能了解操作系统底层机制，如文件系统、包管理、编译工具链等。同时，这种实践性的学习方法也能锻炼问题解决能力和动手能力，对于 IT 从业者来说，这是一次极好的自我提升机会。

Linux From Scratch - Version 6.5

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. How to Build an LFS System

The LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linux distribution (such as Debian, Mandriva, Red Hat, or

SUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a starting point to provide necessary programs, including

a compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select the “development” option during the distribution

installation to be able to access these tools.

As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto your machine, you may wish to use the Linux From Scratch

LiveCD or a LiveCD from a commercial distribution. The LFS LiveCD works well as a host system, providing all

the tools you need to successfully follow the instructions in this book. Unfortunately, development of the LiveCD

has not progressed recently and it only contains older versions of the source packages and patches (the versions not

labeled “-nosrc” or “-min”), and this book. For more information about the LFS LiveCD or to download a copy, visit

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/livecd/.

Note

The LFS LiveCD might not work on newer hardware configurations, failing to boot or failing to detect

some devices such as some SATA hard drives.

Chapter 2 of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system. This is the place where

the new LFS system will be compiled and installed. Chapter 3 explains which packages and patches need to be

downloaded to build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file system. Chapter 4 discusses the setup of

an appropriate working environment. Please read Chapter 4 carefully as it explains several important issues you need

be aware of before beginning to work your way through Chapter 5 and beyond.

Chapter 5 explains the installation of a number of packages that will form the basic development suite (or toolchain)

which is used to build the actual system in Chapter 6. Some of these packages are needed to resolve circular

dependencies—for example, to compile a compiler, you need a compiler.

Chapter 5 also shows you how to build a first pass of the toolchain, including Binutils and GCC (first pass basically

means these two core packages will be reinstalled). The next step is to build Glibc, the C library. Glibc will be

compiled by the toolchain programs built in the first pass. Then, a second pass of the toolchain will be built. This

time, the toolchain will be dynamically linked against the newly built Glibc. The remaining Chapter 5 packages are

built using this second pass toolchain. When this is done, the LFS installation process will no longer depend on the

host distribution, with the exception of the running kernel.

This effort to isolate the new system from the host distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation as

to why this is done is provided in Section 5.2, “Toolchain Technical Notes”.

In Chapter 6, the full LFS system is built. The chroot (change root) program is used to enter a virtual environment and

start a new shell whose root directory will be set to the LFS partition. This is very similar to rebooting and instructing

the kernel to mount the LFS partition as the root partition. The system does not actually reboot, but instead chroot's

because creating a bootable system requires additional work which is not necessary just yet. The major advantage is

that “chrooting” allows you to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package

compilations to complete, you can continue using your computer as normal.

To finish the installation, the LFS-Bootscripts are set up in Chapter 7, and the kernel and boot loader are set up in

Chapter 8. Chapter 9 contains information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book. After the steps in this

book have been implemented, the computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.

Linux From Scratch - Version 6.5

• 2009-07-20

• [matthew] - Move GDBM build before Perl, so that Perl's GDBM_File module will be built. Fixes #2447.

• 2009-07-18

• [matthew] - Prevent E2fsprogs from overwriting Util-Linux-NG's version of uuidd. Fixes #2443.

• [matthew] - Upgrade to Module-Init-Tools-3.10. Fixes #2441.

• [matthew] - Remove Berkeley DB, as Man-DB prefers GDBM and the only other program that requires bdb is

arpd, which is specialist enough to be catered for by BLFS. Thanks to Randy McMurchy for the report. Fixes

#2440.

• 2009-07-16

• [bdubbs] - Update to util-linux-ng-2.16. Removed it from Chapter 5. Fixes #2391.

• [bdubbs] - Update to udev-145. Fixes #2433.

• [bdubbs] - Update to e2fsprogs-1.41.8. Fixes #2439.

• 2009-07-08

• [bdubbs] - Remove obsolete instructions about installing man pages for optional programs. Thanks to Chris

Staub for the report and patch. Fixes #2436.

• 2009-07-06

• [matthew] - Add description of the --disable-libuud and --disable-blkid parameters for E2fsprogs.

• 2009-07-04

• [matthew] - Upgrade to Util-Linux-NG-2.16-rc2. This is temporary until the release version of 2.16 comes

out. See #2391 for more details.

• Remove E2fsprogs in Chapter 5. It was only there as a dependency of Util-Linux-NG to provide libuuid

and libblkid, which Util-Linux-NG provides for itself now.

• Move Util-Linux-NG to before E2fsprogs in Chapter 6 and add "--disable-libblkid" and "--disable-libuuid"

configure switches to E2fsprogs so that it uses Util-Linux-NG's versions.

• Add Pkg-Config as it's a pre-requisite of E2fsprogs' new configure switches.

• Remove "--with-col" from Man-DB's configure command as Man-DB is now installed after Util-Linux-NG

so col is found automatically.

• [matthew] - Upgrade to Sed-4.2.1. Fixes #2427.

• [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-2.6.30.1. Fixes #2430.

• [matthew] - Correct GCC sed command to add -fomit-frame-pointer for non-bootstrapped builds of

GCC-4.4.x. Thanks to Guy Dalziel for the report and fix.

• [matthew] - Upgrade to E2fsprogs-1.41.7. Fixes #2428.

• 2009-06-29

• [matthew] - Fixed the generation of the HTML documentation for Sed. Thanks to Chris Staub for the report

and patch. Fixes #2422.

• [matthew] - Added upstream Readline patches. Fixes #2426.

• [matthew] - Upgrade to Module-Init-Tools-3.9. Fixes #2420.

• [matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-2.6.30. Fixes #2424.

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