IEEE 802.15.4-2006标准：低速率无线个人区域网规范

802.15.4

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"802.15.4-2006.pdf 是一份由IEEE发布的标准文档，详细规定了无线个人区域网络（WPANs）的无线介质访问控制（MAC）层和物理层（PHY）规范。这个标准主要用于低速率的无线通信，常见于物联网（IoT）设备和Zigbee网络中。" 正文： 802.15.4标准是IEEE为低速率无线个人区域网络设计的一套通信协议，主要关注的是在短距离内的低功耗通信。该标准的目标是提供一个高效、可靠且成本低廉的解决方案，适用于家庭自动化、传感器网络、楼宇自动化和智能能源等领域。在描述中提到的802.15.4-2006是对2003年版本的修订，包含了一些更新和改进，以适应不断变化的技术环境和市场需求。该标准定义了MAC层和PHY层的具体操作，这两层是任何通信网络的核心部分。 1. **物理层（PHY）**：802.15.4标准定义了两种PHY层配置，一种是2.4GHz频段，另一种是868/915MHz频段。2.4GHz频段在全球范围内广泛应用，支持16个信道，每个信道带宽为2MHz，适合避开其他无线技术的干扰。而868/915MHz频段则主要用于欧洲和北美，提供更长的传输距离和更好的穿透能力，但信道数量较少。 2. **无线介质访问控制层（MAC）**：这一层规定了如何共享无线通信介质，包括帧结构、帧确认、安全机制、网络拓扑以及能量检测等。802.15.4支持两种网络拓扑：星型网络和自组织网络（如网状网络）。此外，它还包含了CSMA/CA（载波监听多路访问/冲突避免）机制，以减少数据传输中的冲突。 3. **网络层**：虽然802.15.4标准主要关注MAC和PHY，但它也简要定义了网络层的一些基本概念，如网络构成、节点地址分配和路由策略。这些功能在Zigbee协议栈中得到了扩展，Zigbee基于802.15.4标准并提供了完整的网络层和应用层服务。 4. **安全性**：802.15.4提供了基本的安全特性，如AES-128加密和链路层认证，以保护网络免受未经授权的访问和数据篡改。 5. **功耗管理**：考虑到目标应用通常需要长时间运行且电池供电，802.15.4标准强调了低功耗设计。设备可以在休眠模式和活跃模式之间切换，以最大化电池寿命。 6. **应用范围**：802.15.4标准的应用非常广泛，从智能家居中的温控器和照明设备，到工业自动化中的传感器和执行器，以及智能电网中的电力表计读取等。 802.15.4标准是构建低功耗、低速率无线网络的基础，为各种物联网应用提供了可靠的通信平台。随着物联网技术的发展，802.15.4及其衍生标准如Zigbee、Z-Wave等将继续发挥重要作用。

A.1.2.2 When generated ........................................................................................... 228

A.1.2.3 Appropriate usage ........................................................................................ 228

A.1.3 MA-UNITDATA-STATUS.indication........................................................................ 229

A.1.3.1 Semantics of the service primitive............................................................... 229

A.1.3.2 When generated ........................................................................................... 229

A.1.3.3 Appropriate usage ........................................................................................ 229

Annex B (normative) CCM* mode of operation ......................................................................................... 231

B.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 231

B.2 Notation and representation ..................................................................................................... 231

B.2.1 Strings and string operations........................................................................................ 231

B.2.2 Integers, octets, and their representation ..................................................................... 231

B.3 Symmetric-key cryptographic building blocks........................................................................ 231

B.3.1 Block cipher................................................................................................................. 231

B.3.2 Mode of operation........................................................................................................ 232

B.4 Specification of generic CCM* mode of operation ................................................................. 232

B.4.1 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................................ 232

B.4.1.1 Input transformation .................................................................................... 233

B.4.1.2 Authentication transformation ..................................................................... 233

B.4.1.3 Encryption transformation ........................................................................... 234

B.4.2 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........................ 234

B.4.2.1 Decryption transformation........................................................................... 235

B.4.2.2 Authentication checking transformation...................................................... 235

B.4.3 Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 235

Annex C (informative) Test vectors for cryptographic building blocks...................................................... 237

C.1 AES block cipher ..................................................................................................................... 237

C.2 Mode of operation.................................................................................................................... 237

C.2.1 MAC beacon frame...................................................................................................... 237

C.2.1.1 Description................................................................................................... 237

C.2.1.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 238

C.2.1.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 240

C.2.2 MAC data frame .......................................................................................................... 241

C.2.2.1 Description................................................................................................... 241

C.2.2.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 241

C.2.2.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 243

C.2.3 MAC command frame ................................................................................................. 245

C.2.3.1 Description................................................................................................... 245

C.2.3.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 245

C.2.3.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 247

Annex D (normative) Protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) proforma ........................ 251

D.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 251

D.1.1 Scope............................................................................................................................ 251

D.1.2 Purpose......................................................................................................................... 251

D.2 Abbreviations and special symbols.......................................................................................... 251

D.3 Instructions for completing the PICS proforma....................................................................... 252

D.4 Identification of the implementation........................................................................................ 252

D.5 Identification of the protocol ................................................................................................... 253

D.6 Global statement of conformance ............................................................................................ 253

D.7 PICS proforma tables............................................................................................................... 254

D.7.1 Major roles for devices compliant with IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006............................... 254

D.7.2 Major capabilities for the PHY.................................................................................... 255

D.7.2.1 PHY functions.............................................................................................. 255

D.7.2.2 PHY packet .................................................................................................. 255

D.7.2.3 Radio frequency (RF) .................................................................................. 256

D.7.3 Major capabilities for the MAC sublayer .................................................................... 256

D.7.3.1 MAC sublayer functions.............................................................................. 256

D.7.3.2 MAC frames ................................................................................................ 258

Annex E (informative) Coexistence with other IEEE standards and proposed standards........................... 261

E.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 261

E.2 Standards and proposed standards characterized for coexistence............................................ 261

E.3 General coexistence issues....................................................................................................... 261

E.3.1 Clear channel assessment (CCA)................................................................................. 262

E.3.2 Modulation................................................................................................................... 262

E.3.2.1 2400 MHz band PHY .................................................................................. 262

E.3.2.2 800/900 MHz band PHYs............................................................................ 262

E.3.3 ED and LQI.................................................................................................................. 263

E.3.4 Low duty cycle.............................................................................................................263

E.3.5 Low transmit power ..................................................................................................... 263

E.3.5.1 2400 MHz band PHY .................................................................................. 263

E.3.5.2 800 MHz band PHYs................................................................................... 263

E.3.5.3 900 MHz band PHYs................................................................................... 264

E.3.6 Channel alignment ....................................................................................................... 264

E.3.7 Dynamic channel selection .......................................................................................... 264

E.3.8 Neighbor piconet capability......................................................................................... 264

E.4 2400 MHz band coexistence performance............................................................................... 265

E.4.1 Assumptions for coexistence quantification ................................................................ 265

E.4.1.1 Channel model ............................................................................................. 265

E.4.1.2 Receiver sensitivity...................................................................................... 266

E.4.1.3 Transmit power ............................................................................................ 266

E.4.1.4 Receiver bandwidth ..................................................................................... 266

E.4.1.5 Transmit spectral masks............................................................................... 266

E.4.1.6 IEEE 802.11b transmit PSD ........................................................................ 267

E.4.1.7 Interference characteristics .......................................................................... 267

E.4.1.8 Bit error rate (BER) calculations ................................................................. 267

E.4.1.9 Packet error rate (PER) ................................................................................ 268

E.4.2 BER model................................................................................................................... 268

E.4.3 Coexistence simulation results..................................................................................... 268

E.5 800/900 MHz bands coexistence performance........................................................................ 273

E.5.1 Victims and assailants.................................................................................................. 273

E.5.2 Bandwidth.................................................................................................................... 273

E.5.3 Path loss model ............................................................................................................273

E.5.4 Temporal model........................................................................................................... 274

E.5.5 Coexistence assurance results...................................................................................... 275

E.5.5.1 868 MHz BPSK PHY .................................................................................. 275

E.5.5.2 868 MHz O-QPSK PHY.............................................................................. 276

E.5.5.3 868 MHz PSSS PHY ................................................................................... 278

E.5.5.4 915 MHz BPSK PHY .................................................................................. 279

E.5.5.5 915 MHz O-QPSK PHY.............................................................................. 280

E.5.5.6 915 MHz PSSS PHY ................................................................................... 281

E.6 Notes on the calculations ......................................................................................................... 282

Annex F (informative) IEEE 802.15.4 regulatory requirements ................................................................. 283

F.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 283

F.2 Applicable U.S. (FCC) rules.................................................................................................... 285

F.2.1 Section 15.35 of FCC CFR47 ...................................................................................... 285

F.2.2 Section 15.209 of FCC CFR47 .................................................................................... 287

F.2.3 Section 15.205 of FCC CFR47 .................................................................................... 287

F.2.4 Section 15.247 of FCC CFR47 .................................................................................... 288

F.2.5 Section 15.249 of FCC CFR47 .................................................................................... 289

F.3 Applicable European rules....................................................................................................... 290

F.3.1 European 2400 MHz band rules .................................................................................. 291

F.3.2 European 868–870 MHz band rules ............................................................................ 292

F.4 Applicable Japanese rules........................................................................................................ 294

F.5 Emissions specification analysis with respect to known worldwide regulations .................... 295

F.5.1 General analysis and impact of detector bandwidth and averaging rules.................... 295

F.5.2 Frequency spreading and averaging effects specific to IEEE Std 802.15.4 ................ 297

F.6 Summary of out-of-band spurious emissions limits ................................................................ 299

F.7 Phase noise requirements inferred from regulatory limits....................................................... 300

F.8 Summary of transmission power levels ................................................................................... 301

Annex G (informative) Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 303

G.1 General..................................................................................................................................... 303

G.2 Regulatory documents ............................................................................................................. 304

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