CSS2.1标准教程：入门到精通的必备参考

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"这是一个关于CSS标准教程的资源，适合初学者作为入门教程，也可用作参考书，内容质量很高。此教程基于W3C的Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS2.1)规范，是2009年的候选推荐版本。" 在深入探讨CSS之前，我们首先理解一下CSS是什么。CSS（Cascading Style Sheets）是一种样式表语言，用于描述HTML或XML（包括如SVG、MathML等各种XML方言）文档的呈现。CSS控制网页的布局，包括颜色、字体、布局和响应不同屏幕尺寸的设计。通过分离内容和表现，CSS使得网页设计更加灵活和易于维护。本教程是针对CSS2.1规范的，这是CSS2的一个修订版，于2009年成为W3C的候选推荐标准。这个版本在CSS2的基础上进行了一些修正和完善，增加了新的特性，同时也保持了与早期版本的向后兼容性。规范由四位编辑共同完成，他们是Bert Bos、Tantek Çelik、Ian Hickson和Håkon Wium Lie，他们都是业界知名的Web标准专家。 CSS2.1规范包含了关于选择器、盒模型、定位、列表、背景、边框、文本、颜色、图像、表格、生成内容和伪元素等多个方面的详细定义。例如，选择器允许开发者根据元素的属性、类名或ID来应用样式；盒模型则定义了元素如何占据空间，包括内容、内边距、边框和外边距；定位系统如绝对定位和相对定位，使得元素可以在页面上精确放置；而文本样式可以控制字体、字号、行高、颜色等。这个教程不仅适合初学者，也对有一定经验的开发者有参考价值，因为它覆盖了CSS2.1的全部功能。通过学习，你可以了解如何创建响应式设计、实现多列布局、处理浮动元素、以及运用渐变和阴影等高级效果。此外，规范还提供了错误处理规则，帮助开发者理解和应对浏览器可能存在的差异。教程提供了多种格式供用户选择，包括纯文本、gzip压缩的tar文件、zip文件、PostScript和PDF，方便在各种设备和环境下阅读。同时，W3C还维护了一个错误列表（errata），以便及时更新和修正规范中的任何问题。请注意，W3C的版权和使用规则适用于该文档，使用时需遵守其相关规定。这份CSS2.1教程是学习和理解CSS规范的重要资源，对于提升Web设计和开发技能非常有帮助。

.... 346C.2.121 Section 17.6.1 The separated borders model

346C.2.122 Section 17.6.1.1 Borders and Backgrounds around empty cells

..... 346C.2.123 Section 17.6.2 The collapsing border model

..... 346C.2.124 Section 17.6.2.1 Border conflict resolution

..... 346C.2.125 Section 18.1 Cursors: the ’cursor’ property

........ 346C.2.126 Section 18.4 Dynamic outlines

347C.2.127 Chapter 12 Generated content, automatic numbering, and lists

........ 347C.2.128 Appendix A. Aural style sheets

...... 347C.2.129 Appendix A Section 5 Pause properties

...... 347C.2.130 Appendix A Section 6 Cue properties

...... 347C.2.131 Appendix A Section 7 Mixing properties

......... 347C.2.132 Appendix B Bibliography

.............. 348C.2.133 Other

................ 348C.3 Errors

........... 348C.3.1 Shorthand properties

............. 348C.3.2 Applies to

.......... 348C.3.3 Section 4.1.1 (and G2)

....... 349C.3.4 Section 4.1.3 Characters and case

....... 349C.3.5 Section 4.3 (Double sign problem)

.......... 349C.3.6 Section 4.3.2 Lengths

......... 349C.3.7 Section 4.3.3 Percentages

......... 349C.3.8 Section 4.3.4 URLs and URIs

.......... 349C.3.9 Section 4.3.5 Counters

........... 349C.3.10 Section 4.3.6 Colors

.......... 350C.3.11 Section 4.3.7 Strings

... 350C.3.12 Section 5.10 Pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes

......... 350C.3.13 Section 6.4 The cascade

......... 350C.3.14 Section 8.1 Box Dimensions

.. 350C.3.15 Section 8.2 Example of margins, padding, and borders

..... 350C.3.16 Section 8.5.4 Border shorthand properties

... 350C.3.17 Section 9.2.1 Block-level elements and block boxes

.... 350C.3.18 Section 9.3.1 Choosing a positioning scheme

......... 351C.3.19 Section 9.3.2 Box offsets

...... 351C.3.20 Section 9.4.1 Block formatting contexts

...... 351C.3.21 Section 9.4.2 Inline formatting context

....... 351C.3.22 Section 9.4.3 Relative positioning

........... 351C.3.23 Section 9.5 Floats

....... 351C.3.24 Section 9.5.1 Positioning the float

..... 351C.3.25 Section 9.5.2 Controlling flow next to floats

........ 352C.3.26 Section 9.6 Absolute positioning

C.3.27 Section 9.7 Relationships between ’display’, ’position’, and

................ 352’float’

......... 352C.3.28 Section 9.10 Text direction

4 Sep 2009 15:3016

Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification

..... 352C.3.29 Section 10.1 Definition of "containing block"

C.3.30 Section 10.3.3 Block-level, non-replaced elements in normal

................ 352flow

..... 352C.3.31 Section 10.4 Minimum and maximum widths

C.3.32 Section 10.6.3 Block-level non-replaced elements in normal

....... 352flow when ’overflow’ computes to ’visible’

.... 353C.3.33 Section 10.7 Minimum and maximum heights

.......... 353C.3.34 Section 11.1.1 Overflow

..... 353C.3.35 Section 11.1.2 Clipping: the ’clip’ property

.......... 353C.3.36 Section 11.2 Visibility

........ 353C.3.37 Section 12.4.2 Counter styles

........... 353C.3.38 Section 12.6.2 Lists

........ 354C.3.39 Section 14.2 The background

...... 354C.3.40 Section 14.2.1 Background properties

...... 354C.3.41 Section 15.2 Font matching algorithm

.......... 354C.3.42 Section 15.7 Font size

.......... 354C.3.43 Section 16.1 Indentation

.......... 354C.3.44 Section 16.2 Alignment

....... 355C.3.45 Section 17.2 The CSS table model

...... 355C.3.46 Section 17.2.1 Anonymous table objects

... 355C.3.47 Section 17.4 Tables in the visual formatting model

..... 355C.3.48 Section 17.5 Visual layout of table contents

.... 356C.3.49 Section 17.5.1 Table layers and transparency

..... 356C.3.50 Section 17.6.1 The separated borders model

......... 356C.3.51 Section 18.2 System Colors

......... 356C.3.52 Section E.2 Painting order

.............. 356C.4 Clarifications

..... 356C.4.1 Section 2.1 A brief CSS 2.1 tutorial for HTML

..... 356C.4.2 Section 2.2 A brief CSS 2.1 tutorial for XML

..... 357C.4.3 Section 2.3 The CSS 2.1 processing model

.......... 357C.4.4 Section 3.1 Definitions

........... 357C.4.5 Section 4.1 Syntax

......... 357C.4.6 Section 4.1.1 Tokenization

....... 357C.4.7 Section 4.1.3 Characters and case

.. 358C.4.8 Section 4.1.7 Rule sets, declaration blocks, and selectors

..... 358C.4.9 Section 4.2 Rules for handling parsing errors

...... 358C.4.10 Section 4.3.1 Integers and real numbers

.......... 358C.4.11 Section 4.3.2 Lengths

........ 358C.4.12 Section 4.3.4 URLs and URIs

........ 358C.4.13 Section 5.1 Pattern matching

...... 358C.4.14 Section 5.7 Adjacent sibling selectors

.. 358C.4.15 Section 5.8.1 Matching attributes and attribute values

.... 358C.4.16 Section 5.8.2 Default attribute values in DTDs

17 4 Sep 2009 15:30

Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification

.......... 359C.4.17 Section 5.9 ID selectors

C.4.18 Section 5.11.3 The dynamic pseudo-classes: :hover, :active,

............... 359and :focus

... 359C.4.19 Section 5.11.4 The language pseudo-class: :lang

.... 359C.4.20 Section 5.12.2 The :first-letter pseudo-element

.......... 359C.4.21 Section 6.2 Inheritance

........ 359C.4.22 Section 6.2.1 The ’inherit’ value

........ 359C.4.23 Section 6.3 The @import rule

......... 359C.4.24 Section 6.4 The Cascade

........ 359C.4.25 Section 6.4.1 Cascading order

.... 360C.4.26 Section 6.4.3 Calculating a selector’s specificity

........ 360C.4.27 Section 7.2.1 The @media rule

....... 360C.4.28 Section 7.3 Recognized media types

......... 360C.4.29 Section 7.3.1 Media groups

......... 360C.4.30 Section 8.1 Box dimensions

........ 360C.4.31 Section 8.3 Margin properties

....... 360C.4.32 Section 8.3.1 Collapsing margins

......... 361C.4.33 Section 8.5.3 Border style

......... 361C.4.34 Section 9.1.1 The viewport

....... 361C.4.35 Section 9.2.4 The ’display’ property

.... 361C.4.36 Section 9.3.1 Choosing a positioning scheme

......... 361C.4.37 Section 9.3.2 Box offsets

...... 361C.4.38 Section 9.4.2 Inline formatting context

....... 362C.4.39 Section 9.4.3 Relative positioning

........... 362C.4.40 Section 9.5 Floats

....... 362C.4.41 Section 9.5.1 Positioning the float

..... 362C.4.42 Section 9.5.2 Controlling flow next to floats

C.4.43 Section 9.8 Comparison of normal flow, floats, and absolute

............... 362positioning

..... 362C.4.44 Section 10.1 Definition of "containing block"

......... 363C.4.45 Section 10.2 Content width

C.4.46 Section 10.3.3 Block-level, non-replaced elements in normal

................ 363flow

.. 363C.4.47 Section 10.3.8 Absolutely positioning, replaced elements

..... 363C.4.48 Section 10.4 Minimum and maximum widths

.... 363C.4.49 Section 10.6 Calculating heights and margins

.... 363C.4.50 Section 10.7 Minimum and maximum heights

....... 363C.4.51 Section 10.8 Line height calculations

...... 363C.4.52 Section 10.8.1 Leading and half-leading

....... 363C.4.53 Section 11.1 Overflow and clipping

.......... 364C.4.54 Section 11.1.1 Overflow

.......... 364C.4.55 Section 11.1.2 Clipping

.......... 364C.4.56 Section 11.2 Visibility

4 Sep 2009 15:3018

Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification

... 364C.4.57 Section 12.1 The :before and :after pseudo-elements

....... 364C.4.58 Section 12.2 The ’content’ property

.364C.4.59 Section 12.3.2 Inserting quotes with the ’content’ property

.... 365C.4.60 Section 12.4 Automatic counters and numbering

.. 365C.4.61 Section 12.4.3 Counters in elements with ’display: none’

........ 365C.4.62 Section 14.2 The background

........ 365C.4.63 Section 15.1 Fonts Introduction

...... 366C.4.64 Section 15.2 Font matching algorithm

......... 366C.4.65 Section 15.2.2 Font family

....... 366C.4.66 Section 15.3.1 Generic font families

......... 366C.4.67 Section 15.4 Font styling

.......... 366C.4.68 Section 15.5 Small-caps

......... 366C.4.69 Section 15.6 Font boldness

.......... 366C.4.70 Section 15.7 Font size

.......... 367C.4.71 Section 16.1 Indentation

.......... 367C.4.72 Section 16.2 Alignment

.367C.4.73 Section 16.3.1 Underlining, over lining, striking, and blinking

......... 367C.4.74 Section 16.5 Capitalization

......... 367C.4.75 Section 16.6 White space

....... 367C.4.76 Section 17.1 Introduction to tables

....... 367C.4.77 Section 17.2 The CSS table model

...... 367C.4.78 Section 17.2.1 Anonymous table objects

... 368C.4.79 Section 17.4 Tables in the visual formatting model

..... 368C.4.80 Section 17.5 Visual layout of table contents

.... 368C.4.81 Section 17.5.1 Table layers and transparency

...... 368C.4.82 Section 17.5.2 Table width algorithms

....... 368C.4.83 Section 17.5.2.1 Fixed table layout

...... 369C.4.84 Section 17.5.2.2 Automatic table layout

.... 369C.4.85 Section 17.5.4 Horizontal alignment in a column

.... 369C.4.86 Section 17.5.5 Dynamic row and column effects

..... 369C.4.87 Section 17.6.1 The separated borders model

..... 369C.4.88 Section 17.6.2 The collapsing borders model

......... 369C.4.89 Section 18.2 System Colors

........ 369C.4.90 Section 18.4 Dynamic outlines

...... 370C.4.91 Section 18.4.1 Outlines and the focus

..... 370C.4.92 Appendix D Default style sheet for HTML 4

... 370C.5 Errata since the Candidate Recommendation of July 2007

........... 370C.5.1 Section 1.4.2.1 Value

..... 370C.5.2 Section 2.3 The CSS 2.1 processing model

.......... 370C.5.3 Section 3.1 Definitions

......... 370C.5.4 Section 4.1.1 Tokenization

..... 371C.5.5 Section 4.1.2.2 Informative Historical Notes

....... 371C.5.6 Section 4.1.3 Characters and case

19 4 Sep 2009 15:30

Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification

....... 371C.5.7 Section 4.1.3 Characters and case

....... 371C.5.8 Section 4.1.3 Characters and case

....... 371C.5.9 Section 4.1.3 Characters and case

.......... 371C.5.10 Section 4.1.5 At-rules

.372C.5.11 Section 4.1.7 Rule sets, declaration blocks, and selectors

..... 372C.5.12 Section 4.2 Rules for handling parsing errors

..... 372C.5.13 Section 4.2 Rules for handling parsing errors

.......... 372C.5.14 Section 4.3.2 Lengths

.......... 372C.5.15 Section 4.3.5 Counters

.. 373C.5.16 Section 5.8.1 Matching attributes and attribute values

.... 373C.5.17 Section 5.8.2 Default attribute values in DTDs

... 373C.5.18 Section 5.11.4 The language pseudo-class: :lang

.. 373C.5.19 Section 5.12.3 The :before and :after pseudo-elements

........ 373C.5.20 Section 6.3 The @import rule

........ 373C.5.21 Section 6.3 The @import rule

........ 374C.5.22 Section 6.4.1 Cascading order

........ 374C.5.23 Section 6.4.1 Cascading order

........ 374C.5.24 Section 7.2.1 The @media rule

....... 374C.5.25 Section 8.3.1 Collapsing margins

....... 374C.5.26 Section 8.3.1 Collapsing margins

....... 374C.5.27 Section 8.3.1 Collapsing margins

... 375C.5.28 Section 9.2.2 Inline-level elements and inline boxes

....... 375C.5.29 Section 9.2.4 The ’display’ property

... 375C.5.30 Section 9.3.2 Box offsets: ’top’, ’right’, ’bottom’, ’left’

........... 375C.5.31 Section 9.5 Floats

........... 375C.5.32 Section 9.5 Floats

375C.5.33 Section 9.5.2 Controlling flow next to floats: the ’clear’ property

........ 376C.5.34 Section 9.6.1 Fixed positioning

376C.5.35 Section 9.9.1 Specifying the stack level: the ’z-index’ property

..... 376C.5.36 Section 10.1 Definition of "containing block"

..... 376C.5.37 Section 10.3 Calculating widths and margins

..... 377C.5.38 Section 10.3.1 Inline, non-replaced elements

...... 377C.5.39 Section 10.3.2 Inline, replaced elements

...... 377C.5.40 Section 10.3.2 Inline, replaced elements

C.5.41 Section 10.3.3 Block-level, non-replaced elements in normal

................ 377flow

.378C.5.42 Section 10.3.7 Absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements

.378C.5.43 Section 10.3.7 Absolutely positioned, non-replaced elements

.. 378C.5.44 Section 10.3.8 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements

.. 378C.5.45 Section 10.3.8 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements

.. 379C.5.46 Section 10.3.8 Absolutely positioned, replaced elements

... 379C.5.47 Section 10.5 Content height: the ’height’ property

..... 379C.5.48 Section 10.6.2 Inline replaced elements […]

4 Sep 2009 15:3020

Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification

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