FreeBSD操作系统深度解析：英文原版第二版

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"FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现第二版英文原版" 本书《FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现》第二版是深入理解FreeBSD操作系统的权威指南。作为一本英文原版书籍，它为读者提供了深入的技术细节，涵盖了FreeBSD的设计理念、实现机制以及核心功能。这本书适合对操作系统有浓厚兴趣的开发者、系统管理员以及计算机科学专业的学生。 FreeBSD是一个开源的类UNIX操作系统，基于Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)。它的核心特性包括稳定性、高性能和灵活性，使其在服务器部署、网络设备以及嵌入式系统中广泛应用。通过阅读本书，你可以了解到FreeBSD如何处理进程管理、内存管理、文件系统、网络协议栈等关键操作系统的组件。在书中，作者详细讨论了FreeBSD的内核架构，包括其微内核设计和模块化结构，这对于理解系统的可扩展性和性能至关重要。此外，书中还涵盖了FreeBSD的设备驱动程序开发，解释了如何与硬件进行交互以实现高效的I/O操作。关于编程代码和配置示例，书中提供了两种展示方式：流式文本格式和等效的图片格式。流式文本格式适应不同阅读设备和应用，而图片格式则保持了与印刷版书籍相同的布局，特别是在代码展示上，可以避免因排版问题影响代码的可读性。读者可以根据自己的阅读习惯调整字体大小、布局模式（单列或双列）、横竖屏切换，并可以点击或触控图片来放大查看代码。此外，本书还涵盖了FreeBSD的包管理系统、安全特性、虚拟化支持和系统调试工具等内容。对于那些希望在FreeBSD上构建、维护和优化服务的人来说，这些章节提供了宝贵的信息。通过学习《FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现》第二版，读者不仅可以掌握FreeBSD的具体操作，还能深入了解其背后的原理，从而能够更有效地利用这个强大的操作系统来满足各种计算需求。不论你是系统管理员还是软件开发者，这本书都将是你探索FreeBSD世界的重要参考资料。

intuition beyond a concept presented in the text. Exercises with two asterisks present major

design projects or open research questions.

Organization

This text discusses both philosophical and design issues, as well as details of the system’s actual

implementation. Often, the discussion starts at the system-call level and descends into the

kernel. Tables and figures are used to clarify data structures and control flow. Pseudocode

similar to the C language displays algorithms. A bold font identifies program names and

filesystem pathnames. A bold and italic font introduces glossary terms. An italic font identifies

the names of system calls, variables, routines, and structure names. Routine names (other than

system calls) are further identified by the name followed by parentheses (e.g., malloc() is the

name of a routine, whereas argv is the name of a variable).

The book is divided into five parts, organized as follows:

• Part I, Overview Three introductory chapters provide the context for the complete

operating system and for the rest of the book. Chapter 1, History and Goals, sketches the

historical development of the system, emphasizing the system’s research orientation. Chapter 2,

Design Overview of FreeBSD, describes the services offered by the system and outlines the

internal organization of the kernel. It also discusses the design decisions that were made as the

system was developed. Sections 2.3 through 2.15 in Chapter 2 give an overview of their

corresponding chapters. Chapter 3, Kernel Services, explains how system calls are performed

and describes in detail several of the basic services of the kernel.

• Part II, Processes The first chapter in this part—Chapter 4, Process Management—lays the

foundation for later chapters by describing the structure of a process, the algorithms used for

scheduling the execution of the threads that make up a process, and the synchronization

mechanisms used by the system to ensure consistent access to kernel-resident data structures.

Chapter 5, Security, explains the security framework used throughout the kernel. It also details

the security facilities that are available to control process access to the resources on the system

and to each other. In Chapter 6, Memory Management, the virtual-memory-management

system is discussed in detail.

• Part III, I/O System First, Chapter 7, I/O System Overview, explains the system interface

to I/O and describes the structure of the facilities that support this interface. Following this

introduction are four chapters that give the details of the main parts of the I/O system. Chapter

8, Devices, gives a description of the I/O architecture of the Intel and AMD systems, and

describes how the I/O subsystem is managed and how the kernel initially maps out and later

manages the arrival and departure of connected devices. Chapter 9, The Fast Filesystem, details

the data structures and algorithms that implement the original local filesystem as seen by

application programs, as well as how local filesystems are interfaced with the device interface

described in Chapter 8. Chapter 10, The Zettabyte Filesystem, describes the filesystem most

recently added to FreeBSD from the OpenSolaris operating system. Chapter 11, The Network

Filesystem, explains the latest version 4.2 network filesystem from both the server and client

perspectives.

• Part IV, Interprocess Communication Chapter 12, Interprocess Communication,

describes the mechanism for providing communication between related or unrelated processes.

Chapters 13 and 14, Network-Layer Protocols and Transport-Layer Protocols, are closely related

because the facilities explained in the former are used by the protocols, such as the UDP, TCP,

and SCTP, explained in the latter.

• Part V, System Operation Chapter 15, System Startup and Shutdown, explains system

initialization at the process level from kernel initialization to user login.

The book is intended to be read in the order that the chapters are presented, but the parts other

than Part I are independent of one another and can be read separately. Chapter 15 should be

read after all the others, but knowledgeable readers may find it useful independently.

At the end of the book are a glossary with brief definitions of major terms and an index. Each

chapter contains a Reference section with citations of related material.

Getting BSD

All the BSD distributions are available either for downloading from the net or on removable

media such as CD-ROM or DVD. Information on obtaining source and binaries for FreeBSD can

be obtained from http://www.FreeBSD.org. The NetBSD distribution is compiled and ready to

run on most workstation architectures. For more information, contact the NetBSD Project at

http://www.NetBSD.org/. The OpenBSD distribution is compiled and ready to run on a wide

variety of workstation architectures and has been extensively vetted for security and reliability.

For more information, visit the OpenBSD project’s Web site at http://www.OpenBSD.org/.

You diehards that read to the end of the preface are rewarded by finding out that you can get a

32-hour introductory video course based on this book, a 40-hour advanced video course based

on the FreeBSD 5 source code, a 2.5-hour video lecture on the history of BSD, and a 4-CD set

containing all the releases and the source-control history of BSD from Berkeley. These items are

described in the advertisements that follow the index.

Acknowledgments

We extend special thanks to Matt Ahrens (Delphix) who provided invaluable insight on the

workings of the ZFS filesystem including countless e-mails answering our questions about how

it works and why specific design decisions were made.

We also thank the following people who provided extensive review of areas of the kernel in

which they have deep knowledge: John Baldwin (The FreeBSD Project) on locking, scheduling,

and virtual memory; Alan Cox (Rice University) on virtual memory; Jeffrey Roberson (EMC) on

the ULE scheduler; and Randall Stewart (Adara Networks) on the SCTP implementation.

We thank the following people, all of whom read and commented on early drafts of various

chapters of the book: Jonathan Anderson (Memorial University of Newfoundland); David

Chisnall (University of Cambridge); Paul Dagnelie (Delphix); Brooks Davis (SRI International);

Paweł Jakub Dawidek (Wheel Systems); Peter Grehan (The FreeBSD Project); Scott Long

(Netflix); Jake Luck; Rick Macklem (The FreeBSD Project); Ilias Marinos (University of

Cambridge); Roger Pau Monné (Citrex); Mark Robert Vaughan Murray; Edward Tomasz

Napierała (The FreeBSD Project); Peter G. Neumann (SRI International); Rui Paolo; Luigi Rizzo

(Universitá di Pisa, Italy); Margo Seltzer (Harvard University); Keith Sklower (University of

California, Berkeley); Lawrence Stewart (Swinburne University of Technology); Michael Tuexen

(Muenster University of Applied Sciences); Bryan Venteicher (NetApp); Erez Zadok (Stony

Brook University); and Bjoern A. Zeeb (The FreeBSD Project).

We are grateful to our now-retired editor of 25 years, Peter Gordon, who had faith in our ability

to get the book written despite several years of delays on our part. We are equally grateful to our

new editor, Debra Williams, who saw this project to completion and who accelerated the

production when we finally had a completed manuscript. We thank all the professional people at

Addison-Wesley and Pearson Education who helped us bring the book to completion: managing

editor John Fuller; production editor Mary Kesel Wilson; cover designer Chuti Prasertsith; copy

editor Deborah Thompson; and proofreader Melissa Panagos. Finally we acknowledge the

contributions of Jaap Akkerhuis, who designed the troff macros for the BSD books.

This book was produced using James Clark’s implementations of pic, tbl, eqn, and groff. The

index was generated by awk scripts derived from indexing programs written by Jon Bentley and

Brian Kernighan [Bentley & Kernighan, 1986]. Most of the art was created with xfig. Figure

placement and widow elimination were handled by the groff macros, but orphan elimination

and production of even page bottoms had to be done by hand.

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