水下声学建模与仿真：第四版

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"Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation, Fourth Edition" 本书是水下声学建模与模拟领域的权威著作，全面介绍了当前可用的传播、噪声、混响和声纳性能模型。第四版针对反演技术的最新进展以及海洋哺乳动物保护方面进行了大量更新，旨在深入解析模拟水下声学系统性能的基本过程，并强调了在虚拟海洋环境中模拟声音行为时选择合适模型的重要性。新添加的内容包括关于逆向技术的广泛新材料和对海洋哺乳动物保护的关注，以及每章后的习题集，使读者能够更深入地理解和应用这些模型。书中更新并扩展了可用模型的清单，旨在为那些具有水下声学基础知识但对建模不熟悉的读者提供指导。作者Paul C. Etter提供了足够的数学推导来展示模型的形成，并给出了选择和使用模型的指南。书中通过各种类型模型的例子来说明模型的构建、假设和算法效率，同时包含模拟案例研究，以展示实际应用。这是一部全面的信息源，探讨了如何将我们对海洋中声音物理理解转化为数学模型，以模拟水下的声波传播、噪声和混响。这些模型被用来预测和诊断在水下环境中运行的复杂声纳系统的性能。此书特别关注了水下声学模型在预测声纳系统性能中的作用，涵盖了从声波在水中的传播规律，到海洋背景噪声和混响的影响，再到声纳系统的性能模拟等多个关键领域。通过对模型的详细解析，读者可以学习如何运用这些工具来理解和分析水下声学环境中的复杂问题。此外，书中的习题集和案例研究为读者提供了实践机会，帮助他们巩固理论知识并提高解决实际问题的能力。对于水下声学研究者、工程师以及相关专业学生来说，这本书是一本不可或缺的参考文献，它不仅提供了理论知识，还提供了实用的建模技巧和实践经验。总体而言，"Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation, Fourth Edition" 是一本深入了解水下声学建模技术的宝贵资源，它结合了理论与实践，有助于读者提升在这一领域的专业技能。通过阅读和研究本书，读者将能更好地理解和应用水下声学模型，以应对现实世界中的挑战。

Preface

Broadly deﬁned, modeling is a method for organizing knowledge

accumulated through observation or deduced from underlying principles

while simulation refers to a method for implementing a model over time.

The ﬁeld of underwater acoustic modeling and simulation translates our

physical understanding of sound in the sea into mathematical models that

can simulate the performance of complex acoustic systems operating in the

undersea environment.

This book discusses the fundamental processes involved in simulating

underwater-acoustic systems and emphasizes the importance of applying the

proper modeling resources to simulate the behavior of sound in virtual ocean

environments. Summary tables identify available propagation, noise, rever-

beration and sonar performance models. Guidelines for selecting and using

these various models are highlighted. Speciﬁc examples of each type of model

are discussed to illustrate model formulations, assumptions and algorithm

efﬁciency. Instructive case studies in simulation are reviewed to demonstrate

practical applications.

Over the past decade, rapid changes in the world situation have opened

new avenues for international collaboration in modeling and simulation.

Concurrent advances in electronic communications have greatly facilitated

the transfer of modeling and simulation technologies among members of the

international community. The Internet now provides unprecedented access

to models and databases around the world. Where appropriate, references

to pertinent websites are incorporated in this edition.

The level of technical detail presented in this book is appropriate for

a broad spectrum of practitioners and students in sonar technology, acousti-

cal oceanography, naval operations analysis, systems engineering and

applied mathematics. The material is organized into 12 chapters. The order

of presentation of the ﬁrst ten chapters follows the structure suggested by a

hierarchical method of sonar model construction. Chapter 1 introduces the

types of underwater acoustic models, provides a framework for the con-

sistent classiﬁcation of modeling techniques and deﬁnes the terminology

common to modeling and simulation. Aspects of oceanography essential

to an understanding of acoustic phenomena are presented in Chapter 2.

Preface to the second edition

The subject of underwater acoustic modeling deals with the translation of

our physical understanding of sound in the sea into mathematical formulae

solvable by computers. This book divides the subject of underwater acoustic

modeling into three fundamental aspects: the physical principles used to

formulate underwater acoustic models; the mathematical techniques used to

translate these principles into computer models and modeling applications

in sonar technology and oceanographic research.

The material presented here emphasizes aspects of the ocean as an acoustic

medium. It shows mathematicians and physical scientists how to use this

information to model the behavior of sound in a spatially complex and tem-

porally variable ocean. This approach diminishes the need for discussions of

engineering issues such as transducers, arrays and targets. Aspects of hard-

ware design and modeling in underwater acoustics are discussed in other

excellent texts.

Recent developments in underwater acoustic modeling have been inﬂu-

enced by changes in global geopolitics. These changes are evidenced by

strategic shifts in military priorities as well as by efforts to transfer defense

technologies to non-defense applications.

The strategic shift in emphasis from deep-water to shallow-water naval

operations has focused attention on improving sonar performance in coastal

regions. These near-shore regions, which are sometimes referred to as the

littoral zone, are characterized by complicated and highly variable acoustic

environments. Such difﬁcult environments challenge the abilities of those

sonar models intended for use in deep-water scenarios. This situation has

prompted further development of underwater acoustic models suitable for

forecasting and analyzing sonar performance in shallow-water areas.

The policy of defense conversion has encouraged the transfer of sonar

modeling technology to non-defense applications. Much of this transfer

has beneﬁted the growing ﬁeld of environmental acoustics, which seeks to

expand exploration of the oceans through acoustic sensing. Such technol-

ogy conversion is exempliﬁed by the utilization of naval underwater acoustic

models as both prognostic and diagnostic tools in sophisticated experiments

employing inverse acoustic sensing of the oceans.

Preface to the ﬁrst edition

The subject of underwater acoustic modeling deals with the translation of

our physical understanding of sound in the sea into mathematical formu-

lae solvable by computers. These models are useful in a variety of research

and operational applications including undersea defense and marine seis-

mology. There has been a phenomenal growth in both the number and types

of models developed over the past several decades. This growth reﬂects the

widespread use of models for the solution of practical problems as well as

the considerable advances made in our computational abilities.

The primary motivation for the development of underwater acoustic

models is defense related. Researchers involved in Anti-Submarine Warfare

(ASW) and associated undersea defense disciplines use models to interpret

and forecast acoustic conditions in the sea in support of sonar design and

sonar operation. Consequently, the emphasis in this book is placed on those

models that are particularly useful in solving sonar performance problems.

Users and potential users of models are commonly ill acquainted with

model formulations. As a result, the capabilities and limitations of the models

are poorly understood and the models are often improperly used. More-

over, the sheer number of available models complicates the process of model

selection.

This book is intended for those who have a fundamental understanding

of underwater acoustics but who are not familiar with the various aspects of

modeling. Sufﬁcient mathematical derivations are included to demonstrate

model formulations, and guidelines are provided to assist in the selection

and proper application of these models. Comprehensive summaries identify

the available models and associated documentation.

The material is organized into 11 chapters. The order of presentation

follows the structure suggested by a hierarchical method of sonar model

construction. Chapter 1 introduces the types of underwater acoustic models,

provides a framework for the consistent classiﬁcation of modeling techniques

and deﬁnes the terminology common to modeling work. Aspects of oceanog-

raphy essential to an understanding of acoustic phenomena are presented in

Chapter 2. Chapters 3 through 9 address the observations and models deal-

ing with propagation, noise and reverberation in the sea. In Chapter 10,

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