PHP应用性能优化指南：实战技巧与最佳实践

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《Pro PHP Application Performance: December 2010》这本书由Armando Padilla和Tim Hawkins共同撰写，是Apress出版社的专业IT著作。本书专为PHP开发者设计，旨在提供深入的实践经验和重构技术，帮助读者优化PHP Web项目的性能，确保在实际应用中达到最佳表现。该书的核心知识点包括： 1. **最佳实践**：书中详述了PHP应用程序性能调优的最佳实践，这涵盖了一系列从代码结构、数据库管理到服务器配置的关键领域。读者可以学习如何编写高效、可维护的代码，减少资源消耗，并提升用户体验。 2. **性能调优技术**：作者分享了针对PHP Web项目的各种性能调优技巧，如缓存策略、代码优化（如避免全局变量、减少数据库查询次数等）、内存管理和错误处理的改进方法。 3. **数据库优化**：书中着重讨论了如何优化PHP与数据库的交互，包括索引设计、SQL查询优化、以及使用数据库连接池等，以提高数据访问速度。 4. **服务器配置**：作者会指导读者如何根据应用需求调整服务器配置，例如负载均衡、Web服务器（如Apache或Nginx）的配置优化、PHP运行时环境的设置等，以实现性能最大化。 5. **案例研究和实战演练**：书中包含多个实际项目案例，通过实例展示如何将理论知识转化为实际操作，让读者能够理解和应用这些性能优化策略。 6. **版权和许可**：该书享有严格的版权保护，未经许可，任何形式的复制或传播都必须得到版权所有者和出版商的书面授权。同时，提供了电子版和纸质版的ISBN号码，表明其专业出版品质。《Pro PHP Application Performance: December 2010》是一本实用且权威的指南，对于希望提升PHP Web应用性能的开发人员来说，它不仅是一本参考书籍，也是一份宝贵的工具，可以帮助他们应对日益增长的性能挑战。随着技术的不断发展，尽管某些技术可能过时，但书中关于性能优化的基本原则和方法依然具有指导价值。

■ CONTENTS

xiv

Acknowledgments

It’s without saying that I want to thank the Apress staff, Jennifer Blackwell as well as Michelle Lowman,

for giving me the opportunity to write this book. I also want to thank the countless developers and

system admins who assisted in answering my many, many late-night questions about the subject matter.

Thank you.

—Armando Padilla

I would like to acknowledge Rasmus Lerdorf, who started this whole PHP thing, and who taught me

some neat tricks with APC, as well as my ex-colleagues at Yahoo Europe, who taught me to think big.

—Tim Hawkins

Introduction

If you’re like me, you’re picking up this book at your local bookstore or reading this introduction online,

trying to get a “feel” for the book. You’re either a PHP engineer curious to dive headfirst into the nuances

of building a large application, or someone who has just been tasked to support a high-traffic PHP

application. This book is for you, the PHP developer who has a good understanding of PHP and is not a

newcomer to the language—the PHP developer who wants to understand the “whys” and the tool sets to

trace and “look under the hood” of your PHP script.

The goal of the book is to give you the complete picture of all the components that need to be

identified when optimizing your PHP application. From the JavaScript to the web server software the

application is running, this book covers each of these topics.

The book is separated into two general sections, the front end and back end of a web application.

The first part of the book covers the front end, helping you identify bottlenecks the browser encounters

during rendering and how to remove these bottlenecks. This initial section also covers the use of PHP

best coding practices and how to apply caching using the many tools available. The second part of the

book covers the back end, teaching you about the many types of web server software, how to optimize

the software, and tips on optimizing your database.

Overview

The following is a detailed chapter breakdown.

Chapter 1 – Benchmarking Techniques

We begin by establishing the tools that are required to measure our application’s performance. The tools

you will learn to install, read results, and apply are Apache Benchmark (ab) as well as Siege, two of the

most popular benchmarking tools in the industry. You will learn how to run simulated load tests using

concurrency as well as simulated loads for a specific length of time.

Chapter 2 – Improving Client Download and Rendering

Performance

Application performance is not only about your PHP code. In this chapter, we focus on how browsers

render content. You will learn the tools available to benchmark JavaScript, measure the amount of data

the browser is attempting to load, as well as view how efficiently the browser is loading the content. You

will learn to do this by using and installing Firebug, Page Speed, and Yahoo!’s YSlow. Using these tools,

we optimize a simple web page by identifying performance improvements for JavaScript, Image. You are

not required to be an expert at JavaScript while reading this chapter.

■ INTRODUCTION

xvi

Chapter 3 – PHP Code Optimization

We begin to jump into the PHP code within this chapter. You will learn about PHP best coding practices

when it comes to performance. You will learn about constructing a faster-running for loop, how to

include files using the optimal PHP function, and, most importantly, how to use and install VLD, strace,

and Xdebug. Once VLD and strace are installed, you will analyze Opcode, as well as the Apache C-level

processes that your PHP script requires to run. Using Xdebug on the other, we will identify bottlenecks

within the PHP code itself.

Chapter 4 – Opcode Caching

Knowing the PHP life cycle is important to optimizing, so you will learn about the life cycle within this

chapter. You will learn the steps PHP takes during a user request and identify areas where we can

optimize using Opcode cachers. You will learn how to install and configure Opcode cachers such as APC,

XCache, and eAccelerator, all the while benchmarking our before and after scripts to see the gains from

caching our Opcode.

Chapter 5 – Variable Caching

Building on the information about aching covered in Chapter 4, you will be introduced to variable

caching tools, such as Memcached, as well as using APC to store information. You will learn to install,

configure, and implement a simple example to get you familiar with the software, as well as a real-world

example using a database result set.

Chapter 6 - Choosing the Right Web Server.

Until recently there was only one game in town, anybody considering a large-scale deployment would

use the defacto standard, Apache. Recently however some new and exciting alternatives have come to

the fore. In this chapter we will look at Apache in detail, and stack it up against newcomers Lighttpd and

Nginx.

Chapter 7 - Apache Web Server Optimization

Out of the box Apache is a very capable web server package, but with a little tuning and some tricks of

the trade we can increase its performance and durability and really make it sing. In this chapter we will

also look at some of the secrets of scaling out to support higher traffic and user loads.

Chapter 8 - Database Optimization.

In most web applications, the database server plays a major role. In this chapter we will look at

optimizing the mysql database server, providing methods and tools that will allow you to keep your

system in tip top shape.

C H A P T E R 1

■ ■ ■

Benchmarking Techniques

The phone rings and a voice on the other end yells, “Hey! Why can’t this application

support 200 concurrent users?” You take a deep breath, and in your most senior PHP tone

you mutter, “Odd, I’ll take a look at what’s happening and provide a solution.” Flash back

to a few weeks prior to this conversation. You were tasked to build a database-driven PHP

application, and by all accounts the requirements outlined a simple PHP application. As a

seasoned PHP developer, you began to write code, creating the basic architectural layers,

the PHP back end, the CSS, the JavaScript, and because you’re well-versed in Photoshop,

you also created the graphical layout, and released the application to production.

As your application became popular and more users visited your web site, an

increased number of complaints arrived. All the messages shared a similar issue—the site

is either unresponsive or too slow. Now, you look at your code and wonder how you can

squeeze the last ounce of bottlenecks and slow code out of it, and whether the code is

even the culprit. You finally arrive at the question, how well is the web application

performing when 50, 100, 200, or 300 concurrent users request a web document you host?

And, how can you even test your application under such traffic load?

In this chapter, we’ll review in depth two benchmarking open source tools that will

not only help answer those questions but will also help measure the change in

performance while applying performance enhancements to an application throughout

the book. The tools we’ll use are Apache Benchmark (ab) and Siege.

You will learn how to install both tools, learn how to read their results, and use the

tools to request different types of content, from simple HTML to large images. Finally,

you will also come away with a foundation on how the HTTP request/response lifecycle is

processed and what a request does behind the scenes, and learn the primary areas of

concern that cause latency (a.k.a lag) during a request for hosted resources.

But first, let’s explore the PHP application stack and the approach I will take

throughout the book.

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