OpenGL超级宝典第五版：全面教程与参考

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"《OpenGL超级宝典第五版（英文版）》是一本全面详尽的教程与参考书籍，由Richard S. Wright Jr., Nicholas Haemel, Graham Sellers和Benjamin Lipchak共同编著。本书专为那些对OpenGL编程感兴趣或已经在图形渲染领域工作的人设计，特别适合于希望深入理解并掌握OpenGL技术的专业人士。OpenGL是一种广泛应用于3D图形和计算机视觉领域的编程接口，被众多游戏开发、图形设计、虚拟现实等领域采用。作为第五版，它包含了最新的OpenGL技术规格和最佳实践，旨在帮助读者从基础概念如顶点缓冲对象（Vertex Buffer Objects, VBOs）和着色器（Shader）开始，逐步学习到高级特性如多线程渲染和GPU计算。书中不仅涵盖了理论知识，还提供了大量的示例代码和实战项目，使读者能够在实践中巩固所学。此外，由于版权原因，书中的某些制造商和供应商名称可能会使用商标标识，这些在本书中使用时会遵循特定格式以表示尊重。尽管作者和出版商已尽力确保内容的准确性，但本书不提供任何形式的明示或默示担保，也不承担因使用其中信息或程序导致的间接或附带损害的责任。读者可以在www.wowebook.com网站上下载该资源，这对于持续学习和更新自己的OpenGL技能非常有价值。无论是专业开发者还是对图形编程有兴趣的学生，这本《OpenGL超级宝典第五版》都是不可或缺的参考资料，能够帮助他们在图形编程的道路上取得显著进步。"

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Framebuffer Objects, Going Beyond the Window. ...................................336

How to Use FBOs ...............................................................................336

Renderbuffer Objects . .......................................................................337

Draw Buffers . ....................................................................................339

Framebuffer Completeness................................................................342

Copying Data in Framebuffers ..........................................................345

Putting It All Together—Using FBOs.................................................346

Rendering to Textures .................................................................................351

Summary .....................................................................................................358

9 Advanced Buffers: Beyond the Basics . ......................................................359

Getting at Your Data . .................................................................................359

Mapping Buffers ................................................................................360

Copying Buffers .................................................................................361

Controlling the Destiny of Your Pixel Shaders;

Mapping Fragment Outputs .....................................................................361

New Formats for a New Hardware Generation . ........................................364

Floats—True Precision at Last!...........................................................364

Multisampling....................................................................................380

Integers . ............................................................................................385

sRGB. .................................................................................................386

Texture Compression . .......................................................................387

Summary .....................................................................................................389

10 Fragment Operations: The End of the Pipeline .........................................391

Scissoring—Cutting Your Geometry Down To Size . .................................392

Multisampling. ...........................................................................................392

Sample Coverage................................................................................393

Sample Mask . ....................................................................................394

Putting It All Together. .....................................................................394

Stencil Operations.......................................................................................399

Depth Testing. ............................................................................................402

Depth Clamp .....................................................................................402

Blending Everything Together....................................................................402

Blend Equation ..................................................................................402

Blend Function ..................................................................................403

Putting It All Together.......................................................................404

Dithering .....................................................................................................406

Logic Ops ....................................................................................................407

Contents xv

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Masking Output . ........................................................................................408

Color ..................................................................................................408

Depth .................................................................................................408

Stencil ................................................................................................408

Usage..................................................................................................409

Summary .....................................................................................................409

11 Advanced Shader Usage . ...........................................................................411

Advanced Vertex Shaders. ..........................................................................412

Physical Simulation in the Vertex Shader.........................................412

Geometry Shaders . .....................................................................................419

The Pass-Through Geometry Shader.................................................420

Using Geometry Shaders in an Application .....................................422

Discarding Geometry in the Geometry Shader ................................426

Modifying Geometry in the Geometry Shader.................................429

Generating Geometry in the Geometry Shader................................430

Changing the Primitive Type in the Geometry Shader....................434

New Primitive Types Introduced by the Geometry Shader ..............438

Advanced Fragment Shaders. .....................................................................441

Post-Processing in the Fragment Shader—Color Correction............442

Post-Processing in the Fragment Shader—Convolution. .................444

Generating Image Data in the Fragment Shader . ............................448

Discarding Work in the Fragment Shader. .......................................451

Controlling Depth Per Fragment . ....................................................453

More Advanced Shader Functions. ............................................................454

Interpolation and Storage Qualifiers.................................................454

Other Advanced Built-In Functions ..................................................458

Uniform Buffer Objects. .............................................................................460

Building Uniform Blocks ...................................................................461

Summary . ...................................................................................................470

12 Advanced Geometry Management . ..........................................................471

Gathering Information about the OpenGL Pipeline—Queries. ................472

Preparing a Query..............................................................................472

Issuing a Query ..................................................................................473

Retrieving Query Results ...................................................................474

Using the Results of a Query.............................................................475

Getting OpenGL to Make Decisions for You ....................................478

Measuring Time Taken to Execute Commands ................................480

OpenGL SuperBiblexvi

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Storing Data in GPU Memory . ..................................................................483

Using Buffers to Store Vertex Data....................................................484

Storing Vertex Indices in Buffers. .....................................................489

Using Vertex Array Objects to Organize Your Buffers. ..............................490

Drawing a lot of Geometry Efficiently . .....................................................492

Combining Drawing Functions.........................................................492

Combining Geometry Using Primitive Restart.................................494

Instanced Rendering. ........................................................................496

Getting Your Data Automatically. ....................................................503

Storing Transformed Vertices—Transform Feedback. ................................508

Transform Feedback ...........................................................................509

Turning Off Rasterization ..................................................................514

Counting Vertices Using Primitive Queries ......................................515

Using the Results of a Primitive Query.............................................516

Example Uses for Transform Feedback..............................................517

Clipping and Determining What Should Be Drawn. ................................528

Clip Distances—Defining Your Own Custom Clip Space.................528

Synchronizing When OpenGL Begins to Draw . .......................................532

Summary . ...................................................................................................537

PART III Platform-Specific Notes ............................................................................539

13 OpenGL on Windows..................................................................................541

OpenGL Implementations on Windows . ..................................................542

Microsoft’s OpenGL...........................................................................542

Modern Graphics Drivers ..................................................................542

Extended OpenGL .............................................................................544

WGL Extensions ................................................................................545

Basic Windows Rendering ..........................................................................547

GDI Device Contexts.........................................................................547

Pixel Formats . ...................................................................................548

The OpenGL Rendering Context ......................................................556

Putting It All Together ................................................................................559

Creating the Window ........................................................................560

Full-Screen Rendering . ...............................................................................565

Double Buffering. .......................................................................................567

Eliminating Visual Tearing ................................................................567

Summary . ...................................................................................................568

Contents xvii

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14 OpenGL on OS X.........................................................................................569

The Four Faces of OpenGL on the Mac. ....................................................569

OpenGL with Cocoa . .................................................................................570

Creating a Cocoa Program ................................................................571

Wiring It All Together. ......................................................................578

Double or Single Buffered?................................................................580

SphereWorld . ....................................................................................580

Full-Screen Rendering . ...............................................................................585

Going Full-Screen with Cocoa...........................................................586

CGL . ...........................................................................................................593

Sync Frame Rate.................................................................................593

Increasing Fill Performance ...............................................................594

Multithreaded OpenGL .....................................................................595

Summary .....................................................................................................595

15 OpenGL on Linux . ......................................................................................597

The Basics. ..................................................................................................597

Brief History.......................................................................................598

What Is X? .........................................................................................598

Getting Started . ..........................................................................................598

Checking for OpenGL .......................................................................599

Setting Up Mesa. ...............................................................................599

Setting Up Hardware Drivers. ...........................................................600

Setting Up GLUT and GLEW.............................................................600

Building OpenGL Apps......................................................................601

GLX—Interfacing with X Windows . .........................................................602

Displays and X Windows ..................................................................603

Config Management and Visuals ......................................................603

Windows and Render Surfaces ..........................................................607

Extending OpenGL and GLX ............................................................608

Context Management. ......................................................................609

Synchronization . ..............................................................................612

GLX Queries. .....................................................................................613

Putting It All Together. .....................................................................614

Summary .....................................................................................................617

OpenGL SuperBiblexviii

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16 OpenGL ES on Mobile Devices . .................................................................619

OpenGL on a Diet. .....................................................................................619

What’s the ES For? .............................................................................620

A Brief History . .................................................................................620

Which Version Is Right for You? . ..............................................................622

ES 2.0..................................................................................................622

The ES Environment ...................................................................................627

Application Design Considerations. .................................................627

Dealing with a Limited Environment ...............................................628

Fixed-Point Math. .............................................................................629

EGL: A New Windowing Environment . ....................................................630

EGL Displays......................................................................................631

Creating a Window............................................................................632

Context Management........................................................................636

Presenting Buffers and Rendering Synchronization .........................636

More EGL Stuff ..................................................................................637

Negotiating Embedded Environments . .....................................................638

Popular Operating Systems. ..............................................................638

Vendor-Specific Extensions . .............................................................639

For the Home Gamer. .......................................................................639

Apple Handheld Platforms . .......................................................................639

Setting Up An iPhone Project. ..........................................................640

Moving to the iPhone . .....................................................................644

Summary .....................................................................................................652

Appendix A Further Reading ..........................................................................................653

Other Good OpenGL Books........................................................................653

3D Graphics Books. ....................................................................................653

Web Sites . ...................................................................................................654

Appendix B Glossary ......................................................................................................655

Appendix C OpenGL Man Pages for (Core) OpenGL 3.3 ..............................................661

Index............................................................................................................939

Contents xix

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