ISO C++11标准：编程语言的新里程碑

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"ISO C++11 标准" ISO C++11 是C++编程语言的一个重要版本，它在2011年被国际标准化组织（ISO）和国际电工委员会（IEC）发布，正式标准编号为ISO/IEC 14882:2011。该标准是《Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++》的最终草案，旨在为C++开发者提供一个清晰、统一的语言规范。 1.1 范围 ISO C++11标准涵盖了C++语言的所有方面，包括语法、语义、库以及程序执行模型，旨在定义一种高效、灵活且可移植的编程语言。 1.2 引用规范标准中引用了相关的规范和标准，这些规范对于理解和实现C++11是必要的。 1.3 术语与定义标准中定义了一系列关键术语，如“对象”、“类”、“模板”等，以确保对语言特性的精确理解。 1.4 实现合规性 C++11标准允许不同的实现有一些差异，但必须符合核心语言和库的一致性要求。 1.5 国际标准结构标准按照章节和子章节组织，便于读者查找和理解不同部分。 1.6 语法表示法标准使用巴科斯范式（BNF）来描述C++的语法结构，这是大多数编程语言规范中常见的形式化方法。 1.7 C++内存模型内存模型定义了程序如何访问和修改内存中的数据，C++11引入了更强大的并发内存模型，支持多线程环境下的正确同步。 1.8 C++对象模型对象模型描述了C++中类和对象的抽象表示，包括它们的生命周期、初始化和销毁过程。 1.9 程序执行这部分规定了程序如何在机器上运行，包括控制流、异常处理和程序终止。 1.10 多线程执行和数据竞争 C++11增强了对多线程的支持，引入了新的原子操作、锁和线程API，同时明确了数据竞争的概念。 1.11 致谢标准的制定过程中，众多专家和贡献者的努力得到了认可。 2.1-2.13 词法约定这部分详细描述了C++11的词法规则，包括字符集、预处理、标识符、关键字、运算符、标点符号等。例如，2.12节列出了C++11的关键字，如`auto`、`nullptr`，这些都是C++11新增的特性。 C++11标准的引入带来了许多重要的改进和新特性，如自动类型推断（auto）、右值引用（Rvalue References）、lambda表达式、范围for循环、并行和并发支持、统一初始化语法、动态共享对象（Smart Pointers）等，极大地提升了C++的现代性和实用性。这些改变使得C++11成为了一个更强大、更易用的编程工具，被广泛应用于软件开发的各个领域。

ISO/IEC N3242=11-0012

1.3 Terms and deﬁnitions [intro.defs]

1 For the purposes of this document, the following deﬁnitions apply.

2 17.3 deﬁnes additional terms that are used only in Clauses 17 through 30 and Annex D.

3 Terms that are used only in a small portion of this International Standard are deﬁned where they are used

and italicized where they are deﬁned.

1.3.1 [defns.argument]

argument

actual argument

actual parameter

<function call expression> expression in the comm a-se parated list bounded by the parentheses

1.3.2 [defns.argument.macro]

argument

actual argument

actual parameter

<function-like macro> sequence of preprocessing tokens in the comma-separated list bounded by the paren-

theses

1.3.3 [defns.argument.throw]

argument

actual argument

actual parameter

<throw expression> the operand of throw

1.3.4 [defns.argument.templ]

argument

actual argument

actual parameter

<template instantiation> expression, type-id or template-name in the comma-separated list bounded by the

angle brackets

1.3.5 [defns.cond.supp]

conditionally-supported

program construct that an implementation is not required to support

[ Note: Each implementation documents all conditionally-supported constructs that it does not support. —

end note ]

1.3.6 [defns.diagnostic]

diagnostic message

message belonging to an implementation-deﬁned subset of the implementation’s output messages

1.3.7 [defns.dynamic.type]

dynamic type

<glvalue> type of the most derived object (1.8) to which the glvalue denoted by a glvalue expression refers

§ 1.3 2

ISO/IEC N3242=11-0012

behavior or when a program uses an erroneous construct or erroneous data. Permissible undeﬁned behavior

ranges from ignoring the situation completely with unpredictable results, to behaving during translation or

program execution in a documented manner characteristic of the environment (with or without the issuance of

a diagnostic message), to terminating a translation or execution (with the issuance of a diagnostic message).

Many erroneous program constructs do not engender undeﬁned behavior; they are required to be diagnosed.

— end note ]

1.3.25 [defns.unspeciﬁed]

unspeciﬁed behavior

behavior, for a well-formed program construct and correct data, that depends on the implementation

[ Note: The implementation is not required to document which behavior occurs. The range of possible

behaviors is usually delineated by this International Standard. — end note ]

1.3.26 [defns.well.formed]

well-formed program

program constructed according to the syntax rules, diagnosable semantic rules, and the One Deﬁnition

Rule (3.2).

1.4 Implementation compliance [intro.compliance]

1 The set of diagnosable rules consists of all syntactic and semantic rules in this International Standard except

for those rules containing an explicit notation that “no diagnostic is required” or which are described as

resulting in “undeﬁned behavior.”

2 Although this International Standard states only requirements on C

implementations, those requirements

are often easier to understand if they are phrased as requirements on programs, parts of programs, or

execution of programs. Such requirements have the following meaning:

— If a program contains no violations of the rules in this International Standard, a conforming imple-

mentation shall, within its resource limits, accept and correctly execute

that program.

— If a program contains a violation of any diagnosable rule or an occurrence of a construct described in

this Standard as “conditionally-supported” when the implementation does not support that construct,

a conforming implementation shall issue at least one diagnostic message.

— If a program contains a violation of a rule for which no diagnostic is required, this International

Standard places no requirement on implementations with respect to that program.

3 For classes and class templates, the library Clauses specify partial deﬁnitions. Private members (Clause 11)

are not speciﬁed, but each implementation shall supply them to complete the deﬁnitions according to the

description in the library Clauses.

4 For functions, function templates, objects, and values, the library Clauses specify declarations. Implemen-

tations shall supply deﬁnitions consistent with the descriptions in the library Clauses .

5 The names deﬁned in the library have namespace scop e (7.3). A C

translation unit (2.2) obtains access

to these names by including the appropriate standard library header (16.2).

6 The templates, class es , functions, and objects in the library have external linkage (3.5). The implementation

provides deﬁnitions for standard library entities, as necessary, while combining translation units to form a

complete C

program (2.2).

2) “Correct execution” can include undeﬁned b eh avior, depending on the data being processed; see 1.3 and 1.9.

§ 1.4 5

ISO/IEC N3242=11-0012

7 Two kinds of implementations are deﬁned: a hosted implementation and a freestanding implementation. For

a hosted implementation, this International Standard deﬁnes the set of available libraries. A freestanding

implementation is one in which execution may take place without the b eneﬁt of an operating system, and

has an implementation-deﬁned set of libraries that includes certain language-support libraries (17.6.1.3).

8 A c onforming implementation may have extensions (including additional library functions), provided they do

not alter the behavior of any well-formed program. Implementations are required to diagnose programs that

use such extensions that are ill-formed according to this International Standard. Having done so, however,

they can compile and execute such programs.

9 Each implementation shall include documentation that identiﬁes all conditionally-supported constructs that

it does not support and deﬁnes all locale-speciﬁc characteristics.

1.5 Structure of this International Standard [intro.structure]

1 Clauses 2 through 16 describe the C

programming language. That description includes detailed syntactic

speciﬁcations in a form described in 1.6. For convenience, Annex A repeats all such syntactic speciﬁcations.

2 Clauses 18 through 30 and Annex D (the library clauses) des cribe the Standard C

library. That description

includes detailed descriptions of the templates, classes, functions, constants, and macros that constitute the

library, in a form described in Clause 17.

3 Annex B recommends lower bounds on the capacity of conforming implementations.

4 Annex C summarizes the evolution of C

since its ﬁrst published description, and e xplains in detail the

diﬀerences be tween C

and C. Certain features of C

exist solely for compatibility purposes; Annex D

describes those features.

5 Throughout this International Standard, each example is introduced by “[ Example:” and terminated by

“ — end example ]”. Each note is introduced by “[ Note:” and terminated by “ — end note ]”. Examples and

notes may be nested.

1.6 Syntax notation [syntax]

1 In the syntax notation used in this International Standard, syntactic categories are indicated by italic type,

and literal words and characters in constant width type. Alternatives are listed on separate lines except in

a few cases where a long set of alternatives is marked by the phrase “one of.” If the text of an alternative is

too long to ﬁt on a line, the text is continued on subsequent lines indented from the ﬁrst one. An optional

terminal or nonterminal symbol is indicated by the subscript “

opt

”, so

{ expression

opt

}

indicates an optional expression enclosed in brace s.

2 Names for syntactic categories have generally been chosen according to the following rules:

— X-name is a use of an identiﬁer in a context that determines its meaning (e.g., class-name, typedef-

name).

— X-id is an identiﬁer with no context-dependent meaning (e.g., qualiﬁed-id).

— X-seq is one or more X’s without intervening delimiters (e.g., declaration-seq is a sequence of declara-

tions).

— X-list is one or more X ’s separated by intervening commas (e.g., expression-list is a sequence of

expressions separated by commas).

3) This documentation also deﬁnes implementation-deﬁned behavior; see 1.9.

§ 1.6 6

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