可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)：基于IEC 61131-3的实践方法

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"该资源是一本关于可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）的书籍，名为《Programmable Logic Controllers: A Practical Approach to IEC 61131-3 Using CoDeSys》。作者是Dag H. Hanssen，来自挪威特罗姆瑟大学的工程与安全研究所，并由Dan Lufkin翻译。这本书于2015年由John Wiley & Sons Ltd首次出版。" PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）是工业自动化领域中不可或缺的设备，它主要用于控制各种机械和过程操作。这些控制器通过编程可以适应多种任务，因此在制造业、交通控制、建筑自动化等多个行业得到了广泛应用。本书《Programmable Logic Controllers: A Practical Approach to IEC 61131-3 Using CoDeSys》着重于实践方法，介绍了如何使用IEC 61131-3标准进行PLC编程。IEC 61131-3是国际电工委员会制定的一种通用编程标准，允许使用五种不同的编程语言：梯形图（Ladder Diagram, LD）、功能块图（Function Block Diagram, FBD）、结构文本（Structured Text, ST）、指令列表（Instruction List, IL）和连续功能图（Continuous Function Chart, CFC）。这些语言为不同背景的工程师提供了灵活的选择。 CoDeSys是一种符合IEC 61131-3的编程环境，被广泛用于开发和调试PLC程序。通过使用CoDeSys，工程师可以创建、测试和诊断PLC控制逻辑，以实现高效的工业自动化解决方案。书中可能涵盖了以下内容： 1. PLC的基本原理和工作方式，包括输入/输出（I/O）系统、扫描周期和处理顺序。 2. IEC 61131-3编程语言的详细讲解，以及如何在CoDeSys中应用这些语言。 3. PLC系统的硬件组成部分，如中央处理器（CPU）、存储器、通信接口等。 4. 实际案例研究，展示如何设计和实施PLC控制系统。 5. 故障排查和系统维护技巧。 6. 安全性和合规性，包括如何确保PLC系统符合相关的行业标准和法规要求。这本书对于想要深入理解PLC技术、学习IEC 61131-3编程标准以及掌握CoDeSys软件使用的读者来说，是一本宝贵的资源。它不仅理论结合实践，而且提供了实用的指导，有助于读者提升在工业自动化领域的技能。

Preface

As long as there have been competing producers of PLCs on the market, there have been

different programming languages from one PLC brand to another. Even though the same lan-

guages, beginning with Instruction Lists (IL) and Ladder diagram (LD), have been used by

most of the producers, all of them added their own “dialects” to the languages. When physical

programming terminals replaced software‐based programming tools, the differences between

languages of the various producers escalated. Several programming languages also saw the

light of day. This development was the natural result of the attempt by the producers to make

themselves stand out among increasing competition by developing the most user‐friendly

languages and tools.

When the IEC

61131‐3 standard came out in 1993, the situation started to improve. This

standard was the result of the work that had been ongoing for several years in which the best

from the various languages and dialects from different producers was assembled into a single

document. This is not a rigid standard in the sense that the producers must follow all require-

ments and specifications, but more a set of guidelines that the producers could choose to

follow to a certain extent. Today, most of the equipment producers have come to realize the

advantages of organizing themselves in accordance with the standard. All of the major pro-

ducers of PLCs, such as Telemecanique, Wago, Mitsubishi, Klockner Moeller, Allen‐Bradley,

Omron, Siemens, and so on, have therefore, to a greater or lesser extent, adapted their program-

ming tools to IEC 61131‐3.

This book covers close to 100% of the specifications and guidelines that are given in

Standard (International Electrotechnical Commission, 2013).

The book will therefore be

interested to everyone who works with, or wants to learn about programming PLCs, no matter

which PLC brand they use.

IEC—International Electrotechnical Commission. This edition of the book was updated in conformity with the 3rd

edition of IEC 61131‐3, issued February 2013.

The Standard IEC 61131-3 is introduced in Chapter5.

Preface xv

The book does not assume any previous knowledge of programming.

Comments and suggestions for contents will be gratefully received.

The book is divided into five main parts:

• Part 1: Hardware Chapters 1–3

• Part 2: Methodic Chapter4

• Part 3: IEC 61131‐3 Chapters 5–8

• Part 4: Programming Chapters 9–13

• Part 5: Implementation Chapters 14–15

Chapter1 contains a brief history and a short description of the design and operation of PLCs

in general. Chapters 2 and 3 give a basic introduction to digital and analog signals and equip-

ment for detection, measurement, and manipulation of discrete and continuous quantities.

Chapter4 focuses on methods for planning and design of structurally efficient programs. It

also provides an introduction into Boolean algebra. Chapters 5 and 6 introduce the IEC stan-

dard elements such as literals, keywords, data types, variables, and addressing. Chapters 7 and

8 cover standardized functions and functional blocks.

Chapters 9 to 13 deal with programming: Chapter 9 covers programming with LD.

Chapter10 covers functional block diagrams (FBD). Chapter11 covers the structured text

(ST) language. The last language covered in the book is actually not a programming language

as such, but rather a tool for structuring program code. This is called a Sequential Function

Chart (SFC) and is described in Chapter12.

Chapter13 contains some larger practical programming examples.

The last two chapters in the book cover programming tools. Here, I have chosen to focus on

CODESYS. There are several reasons for this; first, CODESYS follows the standard almost

100%. Furthermore, CODESYS is a hardware‐independent programming tool that is cur-

rently used by well over 250 hardware suppliers. Finally yet importantly, the program can be

downloaded free and it contains a simulator. Most of the program code in the book was written

and tested with this tool.

I would like to thank the following persons and companies:

• Associate Professor Tormod Drengstig, University of Stavanger, for much good feedback,

suggestions for improvements, and the contribution of several examples

• Assistant Professor Inge Vivås, Bergen University College, for giving his permission to

reuse some problems (Section4.6.4 and Problems 4.10 and 10.5)

• Assistant Professor Veslemøy Tyssø, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied

Science, for having read an earlier edition of the book and having provided expert

contributions

• Colleagues and management at the University of Tromsø, Department of Engineering and

Safety, for the support and patience

• Schneider Electric for granting me permission to use material from their “Automation

Solution Guide” when writing about sensors in Chapter2

Dag H. Hanssen

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