ARM架构：从32位到64位的RISC处理器指令集

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"ARM架构是英国ARM Holdings公司开发的一种基于精简指令集计算（RISC）原理的计算机处理器指令集架构。自1985年推出以来，ARM架构经历了多次迭代，包括支持32位和64位运算的版本。最新的64位架构版本为ARMv8-A，引入于2011年。" ARM架构的核心特点和关键知识点包括： 1. **RISC设计原则**：与复杂指令集计算（CISC）架构不同，ARM采用RISC设计，它简化了指令集，提高了处理器执行效率。RISC架构通常具有较少的指令类型、更高的指令执行频率以及更少的微操作，从而实现更快的处理速度。 2. **指令编码**：在ARMv8-A架构中，采用AArch64（A64）和AArch32（A32）两种指令编码。其中，AArch64支持64位指令，而AArch32则沿用了32位指令，并包含了T32（Thumb2）扩展，这种扩展允许混合使用16位和32位指令。 3. **数据处理**：在64位架构中，有31个64位通用寄存器，加上程序计数器（PC）、链接寄存器（SPR）以及异常级别的SPR。浮点处理方面，提供了32个128位寄存器，用于32位和64位浮点数、SIMD（单指令多数据）64位和128位浮点数以及整数运算。 4. **32位架构**：对于32位架构，如ARMv7系列，包含ARMv7-R、ARMv7-A、ARMv7-E-M等，它们通常有16个32位通用寄存器，包括PC和SP。浮点处理能力上，最多支持32个64位寄存器，且SIMD功能也有所支持。 5. **兼容性**：ARMv8-A架构保留了对ARMv7的用户空间兼容性，这意味着软件可以无缝地在新旧架构之间迁移。 6. **端ian性**：ARM架构默认支持双端ian（Bi-endian），即小端模式，但也能够处理大端模式的数据。 7. **扩展指令集**：ARM架构支持多种扩展，例如 Thumb-2（自ARMv7起成为强制性扩展）、NEON（向量处理单元）、Jazelle（Java加速器）、FPv4-SP（浮点处理单元）等。这些扩展增强了处理器在特定领域的性能，比如多媒体处理和嵌入式应用。 8. **应用场景**：ARM架构广泛应用于移动设备、嵌入式系统、服务器和数据中心，其低功耗和高性能的特点使其在各个领域都有广泛应用。 ARM架构是一个高度优化的、灵活的指令集，其设计目标是提供高效、节能的计算解决方案，不断演进以适应不断变化的计算需求。无论是移动设备的轻量级应用，还是数据中心的高性能计算，ARM架构都展现出了强大的适应性和竞争力。

ARM architecture

VLSI produced the first ARM silicon on 26 April 1985. It worked the first time, and was known as ARM1 by April

1985. The first production systems named ARM2 were available the following year.

The first ARM application was as a second processor for the BBC Micro, where it helped in developing simulation

software to finish development of the support chips (VIDC, IOC, MEMC), and sped up the CAD software used in

ARM2 development. Wilson subsequently rewrote BBC Basic in ARM assembly language. The in-depth knowledge

gained from designing the instruction set enabled the code to be very dense, making ARM BBC Basic an extremely

good test for any ARM emulator. The original aim of a principally ARM-based computer was achieved in 1987 with

the release of the Acorn Archimedes.

[5]

In 1992, Acorn once more won the Queen's Award for Technology for the

ARM.

The ARM2 featured a 32-bit data bus, 26-bit address space and 27€32-bit registers. 8€bits from the program counter

status flags, and the bottom 2€bits (available because the program counter was always word-aligned), were used for

setting modes. The address bus was extended to 32€bits in the ARM6, but program code still had to lie within the

first 64€MB of memory in 26-bit compatibility mode, due to the reserved bits for the status flags. The ARM2 had a

transistor count of just 30,000, compared to Motorola's six-year-older 68000 model with 68,000. Much of this

simplicity came from the lack of microcode (which represents about one-quarter to one-third of the 68000) and from

(like most CPUs of the day) not including any cache. This simplicity enabled low power consumption, yet better

performance than the Intel 80286. A successor, ARM3, was produced with a 4€KB cache, which further improved

performance.

Apple, DEC, Intel, Marvell: ARM6, StrongARM, XScale

In the late 1980s Apple Computer and VLSI Technology started working with Acorn on newer versions of the ARM

core. In 1990, Acorn spun off the design team into a new company named Acorn RISC Machines Ltd., which

became ARM Ltd when its parent company, ARM Holdings plc, floated on the London Stock Exchange and

NASDAQ in 1998.

[6]

The new Apple-ARM work would eventually evolve into the ARM6, first released in early 1992. Apple used the

ARM6-based ARM610 as the basis for their Apple Newton PDA. In 1994, Acorn used the ARM610 as the main

central processing unit (CPU) in their RiscPC computers. DEC licensed the ARM6 architecture and produced the

StrongARM. At 233€MHz, this CPU drew only one watt (newer versions draw far less). This work was later passed

to Intel as a part of a lawsuit settlement, and Intel took the opportunity to supplement their i960 line with the

StrongARM. Intel later developed its own high performance implementation named XScale, which it has since sold

to Marvell. Transistor count of the ARM core remained essentially the same size throughout these changes; ARM2

had 30,000€transistors, while ARM6 grew only to 35,000.

[citation needed]

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