MPLS深入探索：基础与高级技术

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"Morgan Kaufmann Press- MPLS Next Steps(2008)" 是一本关于多协议标签交换（MPLS）技术的专业书籍，由Bruce S. Davie和Adrian Farrel合著，属于Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking系列。这本书深入探讨了MPLS的基础以及高级技术，旨在帮助读者理解MPLS的工作原理和在现代网络中的应用。章节1介绍了书籍的来源材料和内容概览。1.1部分讲述了资料的来源，1.2部分概述了书中涵盖的主题，包括MPLS基础、MPLS数据平面的概述、MPLS协议的介绍，以及从MPLS到通用MPLS（GMPLS）的演变，还有更高级的技术应用。在MPLS基础（SECTION A MPLS BASICS）部分，第2章详细解释了MPLS数据平面的工作机制。2.1节描述了网络层路由的控制和转发组件，2.2和2.3节分别阐述了标签交换的转发和控制组件，2.4节介绍了边缘设备的角色，2.5节讨论了标签交换与网络层地址和路由的关系。第3章涵盖了MPLS协议的概述，3.1节介绍了MPLS协议的基础，3.2节详细讲解了标签分发协议（LDP），3.3节涉及MPLS中的流量工程，而3.4节则讨论了如何在MPLS中优先处理流量。第4章是MPLS向GMPLS的过渡，4.1节追溯了GMPLS的起源，4.2节列出了基本的GMPLS需求，这一章节为读者展示了MPLS如何扩展以支持更复杂的网络服务，如光网络和动态路径控制。在高级技术部分（SECTION B ADVANCED TECHNIQUES），第5章探讨了流量工程（Traffic Engineering）。5.1节定义了IP流量工程的概念，5.2节解释了如何路由IP流，5.3节讨论了离线和动态流量工程的选择，5.4节则阐述了何时应使用流量工程。这本书对于网络专业人士来说是一份宝贵的资源，它不仅提供了MPLS的基本知识，还深入探讨了流量工程、协议细节和GMPLS等高级主题，有助于读者全面理解MPLS在网络架构中的作用和实施策略。

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About the Authors

implementation of complex customer projects, and service development. Morrow

has been involved in developing managed network services such as remote access

and LAN switching in a service provider environment. She has worked for both

enterprise and service provider companies in the United States and in Europe, and

led the Engineering Project team for one of the ﬁ rst European MPLS-VPN deploy-

ments in 1999 for a European service provider. Morrow has an M.S. in telecom-

munications management and an M.B.A. in marketing and is a Cisco Certiﬁ ed

Internetworking Expert (#1711). She is also a co-author of Developing IP-Based

Services: Solutions for Service Providers and Vendors, published by Elsevier, 2002.

Tom Nadeau (Chapter 9) Tom works at BT Group where is a Senior Network

Architect responsible for the end-to-end network architecture of BT ’s 21C

Network. Prior to BT, Tom worked at Cisco Systems where he was a Technical

Leader responsible for the leadership and architecture of operations and man-

agement for MPLS-related components of Cisco IOS

and IOS-XR

. This included

the areas of pseudo-wires, common optical control plane (GMPLS), Bi-directional

Forwarding Detection, NetFlow, Service Assurance Agent, layer-2 and layer-3 VPN,

Trafﬁ c Engineering, COPS, Diff-Serv, and SNMP in general.

Tom is an active participant in the IETF, ITU, and IEEE. He is co-author of all but

one of the MPLS, PWE3, L2/L3 VPN and GMPLS-related IETF MIBs, as well as other

IETF MIBs, numerous protocol and architecture documents in the MPLS, BFD, L2/

L3 VPN, pseudo-wire, and trafﬁ c engineering areas. Tom has ﬁ led over 30 patents in

the area of networking, and was granted US Patent #7,099,947. Tom is a member of

the advisory board at of several network start-ups. Tom received his BSCS from The

University of New Hampshire, and a M.Sc. from The University of Massachusetts

in Lowell, where he has been an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science since

2000 and teaches courses on the topic of data communications. He is also on the

technical committee of several prominent networking conferences where he pro-

vides technical guidance on their content, as well as frequently presents. He has

been a guest editor for three issues of IEEE Communications magazine (October

2004, June 2005, and March 2008). He is the technical editor of Enabling VPN

Aware Networks with MPLS (Prentice-Hall Publishers, 2001), and author of MPLS

Network Management: MIBs, Tools, and Techniques (Morgan-Kaufman, 2002).

Mario Pickavet (Chapter 7) received a Master of Science degree and a Doctor

of Electrical Engineering degree, specialized in telecommunications, from Ghent

University in 1996 and 1999, respectively. Since 2000, he has been a full-time

professor at the same university. His research interests are related to broadband

communication networks (i.e., IP, MPLS, WDM, SDH, ATM) and include resil-

ience mechanisms, design, and long-term planning of core and access networks.

In this context, he was and currently is involved in European IST projects (i.e.,

LION, DAVID, STOLAS, ePhoton/One, LASAGNE) on IP over WDM next gen-

eration networks. He has published a number of international publications on

these subjects, both in leading journals (e.g., IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in

xvi

About the Authors

Communications and IEEE Communication Magazine) and proceedings of con-

ferences. He is also a co-author of Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration

of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS, published by Elsevier, 2004.

Yakov Rekhter (Chapters 2 and 12) works at Juniper Networks, Inc. He is one

of the leading designers of Tag Switching, BGP/MPLS VPNs, and MPLS Trafﬁ c

Engineering. He is also one of the leading designers of Border Gateway Protocol

(BGP). He is the author/co-author of many RFCs, as well as MPLS: Technology and

Applications, published by Elsevier, 2000.

Jean-Philippe Vasseur (Chapter 7) has a French engineering degree in Network

Computing and a Master of Science degree from the Stevens Institute of

Technology, New Jersey. He worked as a network architect for several large national

and international service providers in large multiprotocol environments (e.g., IP,

ATM, X25) prior to joining Cisco Systems. After two years within the EMEA tech-

nical consulting group focusing on IP/MPLS routing, VPN, and trafﬁ c engineering

designs for service providers, he joined the CISCO Engineering team as a Technical

Leader with a particular focus on IP, MPLS trafﬁ c engineering, and recovery mecha-

nisms. He is a regular speaker at various international conferences and is involved

in several research projects in the area of IP and MPLS. In addition, he is an active

member of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and has co-authored several

IETF speciﬁ cations. He is also a co-author of Network Recovery: Protection and

Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS, published by Elsevier, 2004.

Kateel Vijayananda (Chapter 12) is currently a design consultant at Cisco

Systems. He has 9 years ’ experience in data networking, including the design,

implementation, and management of IP networks, and the development of soft-

ware to implement the OSI protocol stack. He has also been involved in devel-

oping managed network services such as LAN switching and LAN interconnect

in a service provider environment. Vijayananda has worked as a network engi-

neer/architect for a European service provider where he was part of teams that

designed and implemented an MPLS network and that developed and managed IP-

based services on top of an MPLS network. Vijayananda has an M.S. and a Ph.D. in

computer science and is a Cisco Certiﬁ ed Internetworking Expert (#4850). He is

also a co-author of Developing IP-Based Services: Solutions for Service Providers

and Vendors, published by Elsevier, 2002.

CHAPTER

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is over 10 years old. Born at a time when

the Internet had just become a household word, MPLS had a hugely enthusiastic

childhood and rapidly became one of the hottest buzzwords in the networking

industry. Deployment, however, followed much more cautiously, and it was some

years before MPLS saw wide rollout to carry live trafﬁ c in real operators ’ networks.

MPLS can certainly now be said to be a mature technology with extensive deploy-

ments around the world, and with new applications and enhancements being

invented all the time.

Unlike some of its precursors (such as ATM and Frame Relay), MPLS deploy-

ments have seen extensive use of the control plane right from the very start. In

part, that can be attributed to the fact that MPLS leveraged many already-mature

control plane protocols from the TCP/IP suite of protocols, notably the routing

protocols BGP, OSPF, and IS-IS. At times, it seemed that MPLS might suffer from

a surplus of control plane protocols when the Constraint-based Routed Label

Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP) and Trafﬁ c Engineering extensions to the Resource

Reservation Protocol (RSVP-TE) were both ﬁ ghting for the same role as members

of the MPLS control plane to support constraint-based routing.

Plenty of books have been written to describe how MPLS works and to explain

the signaling and routing protocols used in MPLS systems. It is not the objective

of this book to revisit that ground, so Chapters 2 and 3 provide only a summary

and overview of the basics of the MPLS data plane and control plane. Readers

who want to know more about the background and fundamentals of MPLS could

do worse than refer to MPLS Technology and Applications by Davie and Rekhter,

while The Internet and Its Protocols by Farrel provides a detailed description of

all the relevant protocols.

The main objective of this book is to introduce some of the newer develop-

ments in MPLS. These extensions to the protocols enable new applications and

services—the next steps in MPLS. As a technology, MPLS is maturing beyond its

roots as a useful forwarding mechanism to an advanced and highly functional

technology that enables service providers to activate new sources of revenue and

new network features for their customers. It is this ability to support new features

Introduction

2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction

and services that has ensured MPLS ’s success in the ﬁ eld, much more than any ini-

tial aspirations to provide higher speed or lower cost packet forwarding.

MPLS started out as a packet technology, but its core aspects—forwarding traf-

ﬁ c based on some label associated with the trafﬁ c—have turned out to be appli-

cable to other network technologies. Starting with lambda switching in WDM

networks and rapidly extending to cover TDM and layer 2 technologies, the con-

cept of label switching was generalized to produce Generalized MPLS (GMPLS).

GMPLS placed new demands on the control protocols and resulted in a set of

extensions to the MPLS protocols, but the very nature of GMPLS is that the solu-

tions are generic, and so the GMPLS features have been fed back into the packet

networks, and in many cases it is precisely these new protocol extensions that

enable the advanced MPLS applications.

1.1 SOURCE MATERIAL

Of course, many of the topics covered in this book have already been described

at length in other books. In fact, the Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking

includes a comprehensive range of titles that deal with many aspects of MPLS

networking. However, each book in the series has as its main focus a particular

function or technology, and only some of the chapters or sections are speciﬁ cally

relevant to MPLS.

Therefore, what we have done in this book is to bring together material from a

number of sources to give you a thorough grounding in the new developments in

MPLS. Where necessary, we have edited the source material or written new text to

describe the latest technologies. Where the sections of the previous work provide

adequate description, we have simply reproduced it here. This results in a single ref-

erence that introduces MPLS, explains the basics, describes the control protocols,

and discusses advanced topics applicable to MPLS. Readers wanting to know more

about a particular topic are encouraged to go to the sources and read more widely.

In producing this book, we have drawn on material from the following Morgan

Kaufmann books.

MPLS Technology and Applications by Davie and Rekhter

Written by two experts who personally authored key parts of the MPLS standards,

this book has been regarded for many years as the foundation text for all network

operators and designers who are interested in MPLS. It has provided a deﬁ nitive

reference for engineers who are implementing MPLS-based products.

The Internet and It Protocols: A Comparative Approach by Farrel

This book covers all the common protocols and shows how they combine to

create the Internet in its totality. Each protocol, including the various MPLS and

GMPLS protocols, is described completely, with an examination of the require-

ments that the protocol addresses and the exact means by which it does its job.

GMPLS: Architecture and Applications by Farrel and Bryskin

The relatively new area of GMPLS is not covered in detail by many books, and

this one, written by two leading engineers who have been involved in the design

of the GMPLS protocols from the very start, presents a deep and broad view of

GMPLS from the protocol essentials, through the early deployment functions, to

advanced and future topics.

Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory &

Practice by Evans and Filsﬁ ls

In this book, the authors have provided a comprehensive treatise on the subject

of Quality of Service (QoS) in IP and MPLS networks. They have included topics

such as trafﬁ c engineering, capacity planning, and admission control. This book

provides real-world case studies of QoS in multiservice networks to help remove

the mystery behind QoS by illustrating the how, what, and why of implementing

QoS within networks.

Trafﬁ c Engineering and QoS Optimization of Integrated Voice & Data

Networks by Ash

In over 35 years of industry research and leadership, Gerald Ash was involved in

many projects that advanced the cause of network routing, planning, and optimi-

zation. In this book he provides an analysis of the latest thinking about methods

for providing trafﬁ c engineering and quality of service optimization for integrated

voice/data dynamic routing networks.

Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH,

IP, and MPLS by Vasseur, Pickavet, and Demeester

Network Recovery is the ﬁ rst book to provide detailed information on protect-

ing and restoring communications networks. It describes techniques that work

at each layer of the networking hierarchy, including optical, SONET/SDH, IP, and

MPLS, and it shows how multilayer networks can be constructed to leverage

mechanisms that exist in the different layers.

MPLS Network Management by Nadeau

Practical information on managing MPLS networks remains scarce, but this book,

written by the coauthor of most of the MPLS management standards, provides a

comprehensive view of the relevant techniques and tools.

Developing IP-Based Services by Morrow and Vijayanada

This book meets the challenge of uniting business and technical perspectives

to provide a cohesive view of the MPLS development and deployment process

to enable networking organizations to leverage MPLS to drive trafﬁ c and boost

revenue.

1.1 Source Material

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