物联网的自然启发：重构IoT架构

需积分: 10 25 浏览量更新于2024-07-19 收藏 6.22MB PDF 举报

"Rethinking the IOT" 物联网（IoT）的发展正在颠覆我们对网络架构的传统认知和预设观念。物联网不再是由精通协议和路由理论的工程师设计的网络，而是更多地借鉴自然界的规律，而非传统的（在我看来已僵化的）网络方案。本章节将深入探讨为什么物联网需要一个与传统互联网截然不同的架构，并分析这种新架构的技术和经济基础，同时开始描绘解决当前问题的路径。物联网的兴起并非简单的设备联网，而是涉及全新思维方式的转变。作者指出，物联网的构建需要考虑如何在海量设备间实现有效且高效的通信，这与以往的人类驱动的互联网有很大区别。第1章“外面的世界不同”可能将介绍物联网与传统互联网在应用场景和设计原则上的差异。第2章“物联网解剖学”可能详细剖析了物联网的组成部分，包括硬件、软件、通信协议以及数据处理等核心元素，以揭示物联网内部的工作机制。第3章“边缘地带”可能探讨了物联网在数据采集和边缘计算的角色，强调在数据源头进行处理和决策的重要性，以减轻中心节点的压力并提高响应速度。第4章“构建物联网之网”可能会讲解如何建立一个连接万物的网络基础设施，包括设备间的连接方式、协议选择以及安全性问题。第5章“小数据、大数据与人类互动”可能讨论了物联网中不同类型数据的价值，以及如何在保护用户隐私的同时，利用这些数据来优化用户体验和实现智能决策。第6章“边疆的架构”可能阐述了一种适用于物联网的新型架构设计，它可能强调分布式的、自组织的特性，以及如何适应不断变化的环境和需求。第7章“示例和应用”可能会通过具体的案例分析，展示物联网技术在智能家居、智能城市、工业自动化等领域的应用，以直观地说明物联网的实际价值。第8章“通往物联网之路”则可能探讨了实现物联网的策略和挑战，包括技术演进、标准化进程以及市场采纳的障碍。书中的索引和附录提供了方便读者快速定位信息的工具，如作者简介、项目管理团队、技术审阅者的信息，以及感谢辞和前言，这些内容帮助读者了解背后的专业背景和支持。总结来说，"Rethinking the IOT"这本书不仅深度剖析了物联网的架构需求和挑战，还探讨了其技术、经济和应用层面的各种要素，旨在推动我们重新思考物联网的构建方式，以适应未来机器社会网络的发展。

CHAPTER 1 ■ IT’s DIffEREnT OuT HERE

Overseeing 700 Billion Devices

The count of manufacturers building networking equipment likely numbers in the millions.

They are relatively easy to find and track because each traditional piece of networking

equipment is associated with a MAC ID (Media Access Control Identification) assigned to

the manufacturer. A large number, but there is a central database of manufacturers that is

maintained by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers).

For those manufacturers who are today building traditional networking equipment,

one may assume a significant amount of networking knowledge. Imagine the impact of a

new IoT standard on the number of network-ready manufacturers out there and the boost

that would give to the worldwide economy.

Contrast this with the likely millions of firms and individuals worldwide building

the kinds of simple sensors, actuators, and appliances which will be connected to the

Internet of Things. It is inconceivable that all those makers of simple devices can be

expected to queue up for addresses assigned by any centralized authority—or that rogue

states, organizations, or individuals wouldn’t attempt to subvert such systems.

Extending this thinking, simply scanning for hundreds of billions of IPv6 addresses

would take literally hundreds of years. It is one thing to put addresses on nearly a trillion

devices, but quite another to find and manage one device out of that constellation. The

human cost to manage an Internet of Things made up solely of sophisticated IPv6 devices

would exceed the cost of any networking project on earth to date. These costs will fall

hardest on already strapped carriers that are already struggling to wring more revenue

from expensive physical plant investments.

Only Where and When Needed

Of necessity, the emerging new architecture of the Internet of Things should take an

entirely different approach, as described throughout this book. End devices have only

locally meaningful and likely non-unique names. This is not a problem because there is

networking intelligence elsewhere in the architecture at a much smaller (and thus more

manageable) number of points.

And there is no need to oversee or control every maker of end devices. Because the

IoT provides only limited networking capabilities at the end devices, there is little “harm”

they can do on the network as a whole, and this is easily controlled through a much

smaller number of “smarter” devices.”

This approach is totally different from IPv6, which demands that every device have

the functionality and management to act as a “peer” on the network. The Internet of

Things simply cannot scale if built of peers that all must be managed. Like a massive ant

colony, the IoT will scale through specialization, individual autonomy, and localized

effect. In this way, costs are reduced by orders of magnitude.

Security Through Simplicity (and Stupidity)

A trite statement, but ultimately true. Because the communications with the end devices

in this emerging architecture of the Internet of Things are so basic and so specialized,

there are limited back doors and security risks. Again, contrast this with the “peer-to-peer”

world of the IPv6 Internet where many IP devices are exposed to hacking and

CHAPTER 1 ■ IT’s DIffEREnT OuT HERE

cracking attempts from anywhere in the world. The global cost of Internet security

breaches has been estimated at $115 billion (Symantec, 2012). With roughly 2.4 billion

peer-to-peer nodes on the Internet today, this roughly equates to $50 per node (user) per

year in losses. Multiplying that figure times the projected hundreds of billions of Internet

of Things devices creates an unsustainably high cost of IPv6 in the IoT.

By focusing on limited networking capabilities for the end devices as described

in this book, the emerging architecture of the Internet of Things drastically reduces

the risks and costs associated with networking the huge population of appliances,

actuators, and sensors.

Cost and Connectivity

The key for the expected expansion of the Internet of Things is connecting hundreds of

billions more devices at far-reduced costs and risks. Only this emerging IoT architecture

can accomplish both in a way that is cost-effective for device manufacturers, Internet

carriers, and users.

Solving the IoT Dilemma

With the economic and technology challenges posed by the number and unmanageable

nature of the end devices of the Internet of Things well-defined, the next step is to

investigate solutions. The balance of this chapter, and indeed this book, is devoted to

exploring the concepts which may be used to create an architecture (working side by side

with, and enhancing the potential of, the traditional IP network) for the Internet of Things

that may practically scale to the size and scope required.

Inspiration for a New Architecture

So if traditional networking architectures are not appropriate for all the potential

applications of the Internet of Things, where can solutions be found? In addressing

this question, fields as diverse as robotics, embedded systems, big data, and wireless

mesh networking contribute concepts and technology, although none of these directly

addresses the scale and scope of the Internet of Things, nor the simplicity of the vast

majority of IoT end points.

There are no human-produced technology systems that scale to the massive size

of the imminent IoT. So when considering techniques and processes, it is necessary

to turn to nature, in which systems have evolved that scale to hundreds of billions of

individual elements exchanging information (broadly defined) in some fashion. It quickly

becomes clear that the only highly optimized systems exhibiting this sort of scope are

populations of the natural world: colonies of social insects, the propagation of pollen,

the dissemination of larval young, and so on.

CHAPTER 1 ■ IT’s DIffEREnT OuT HERE

Nature: The Original Big Data

The most obvious similarity between the natural systems and the emerging Internet of

Things is scale—natural systems are truly massive. Billions and billions of individuals

operate and interact as a population (of one species) or an ecosystem (of many species).

Visual, aural, and chemical signals are broadcast and interpreted; gametes such as

pollen may be distributed over vast areas by wind and currents to interact with other

individuals of the same species; and huge groups of similar and dissimilar organisms

share information about threats or food sources (intentionally or incidentally).

Obviously, the communication of these natural systems is not centrally controlled,

nor are there elaborate protocols or retransmission schemes in place. Instead, species

have evolved within the natural world in ways that make this communication possible.

What are these characteristics that make this “networking” possible in the massive

systems of nature?

Autonomy of Individuals

One of the most striking things about natural systems is the way in which individuals

independently send and receive communications and act on the information. Even

seemingly highly organized populations or colonies such as ant and bee colonies are

actually made up of individuals making decisions independently. Because individuals

make these choices based on simple algorithms (usually dichotomous decision points) that

are shared by all, the actions of the colony as a whole are as efficient as if centrally directed.

Even more remarkably, the actual brain “computing power” available to many

species in nature is quite limited. Yet they can act on stimuli, communicate threats,

broadcast mating availability, and perform many other tasks vital for survival. In the

natural model, the simplicity of the individual is balanced by a narrowly defined purpose

to its communications.

In the same way, most individual end devices in the IoT can be (indeed must be)

very simple and autonomous. As noted previously, it will not be economically

or architecturally feasible to burden these billions of devices with large amounts of

computing power, memory, or protocol sophistication. When powered up, these devices

must begin sending or receiving data immediately with no setup, management, or other

interaction. It is interesting to note that many social insects operate in much the same

way; immediately upon emerging in adult form, they begin a task such as nurturing

nearby young. Without this autonomy of function and independence of individuals’

actions, nature would not scale—and neither can the IoT.

Zones and Neighborhoods of Interest

Another aspect of natural systems that allow them to scale is the evolution of “zones” or

“neighborhoods” of interest formed by “affinities,” which allow individuals to act upon

a specific signal among countless other signals. A bird song is an interesting example of

this phenomenon. Walking through a field, one may be struck by the songs being sung by

several different bird species simultaneously. These songs can have a variety of purposes,

such as advertising mating availability and suitability or defining territories.

CHAPTER 1 ■ IT’s DIffEREnT OuT HERE

The communication of pollen is thus receiver–oriented. The zone or neighborhood

of interest is defined by the receiving plant, which ignores all other signals (pollen from

other species). The overall network (winds and so on) does not discriminate or actively

manage the transmission of pollen in any way; it’s merely a transport mechanism. The

“intelligence” of nature is applied only at the receiver.

In the same way, a scalable architecture for the Internet of Things out of necessity

includes many elements that are receiver-oriented, with zones or neighborhoods of

interest being applied at the point of data integration and collection. These integrator

functions will build interesting streams of data from “neighborhoods” that are

geographical, temporal, or functional.

Another way of expressing these natural-world communications interactions is in

term of publishers and subscribers. Many individuals may “publish” information in the

form of calls, visual displays, pollen, etc. But these are moot unless other individuals

“subscribe” to these messages. There is no set relationship between publisher and

subscriber, as there would be in the peer-to-peer world of traditional networking–the

natural world is simply too large and (obviously) unmanaged. In the IoT, the principle is

the same: the only way to fully extract information from the myriad possible sources is

through publish/subscribe relationships, which can scale.

Signal Simplicity

In the preceding examples from nature, most “signals” are simple and have a single

purpose. This makes them “lightweight” and easily transported through the environment,

even to the fringes or frontiers of a territory. With a single purpose, they are also easily

“analyzed” and acted upon at their destination. (Contrast this with the general-purpose

nature of traditional networking protocols, designed with overhead sufficient to support

transport of a wide variety of payloads).

Figure 1-7. In nature, only the “correct” receivers act on “messages” received, such as pollen.

All others discard or ignore the message

www.allitebooks.com

剩余184页未读，继续阅读

zhongjinting

粉丝: 0
资源: 11

物联网的自然启发：重构IoT架构

Rethinking the design of the Internet:The end to end arguments vs. the brave new world

Rethinking the Heatmap Regression for Bottom-Up Human Pose

RETHINKING THE VALUE OF NETWORK PRUNING.pdf

rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision

a Tensor with 559 elements cannot be converted to Scalar

learning tsp requires rethinking generalization

Rethinking Video ViTs: Sparse Video Tubes for Joint Image and Video Learning

Rethinking Vision Transformers for MobileNet Size and Speed

hybridnets的参考文献

efficientnet: rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks

最新资源