速学 TeX：入门指南

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"TeX for the Impatient" 是一本针对初学者的TeX入门指南，由日期标注为2003年9月9日的第12和第13部分组成。该书旨在帮助快速上手TeX排版系统，即使是对这个领域不熟悉的人也能轻松理解和使用。在本书中，作者首先介绍了如何使用这本书，包括介绍语法规则和命令描述。这部分涵盖了基础操作，如如何将输入转化为最终的排版输出，以及所需的基本程序和文件。读者可以了解到如何运行TeX引擎，准备输入文件，以及命令的使用，包括命令的参数、空格处理、注释和标点符号的特殊用法。章节"Turning input into ink" 解释了TeX的工作原理，展示了新版本TeX与旧版本的区别，强调了资源获取的重要性。接着，是实例篇，通过实例演示如何输入简单文本、设置行距和字体、插入特殊字符，以及如何控制段落格式和数学公式排版。 "Spacing, rules, and boxes" 部分深入探讨了TeX中的间距、规则和盒子概念，这对于精细控制版面布局至关重要。书中还提供了非常规元素的处理方法，如从其他源使用字体，创建表格，以及数学表达式的高级排版技巧。在"Concepts" 和 "Commands for composing paragraphs" 部分，读者将学习更抽象的概念，如字符和重音、欧洲字母的特定字母和连体字、特殊符号的选择，以及如何调整字体样式和大小。此外，还有如何避免边界连体字问题，以及如何根据不同需要选择合适的字体。总体而言，"TeX for the Impatient" 是一本实用的手册，适合希望通过简洁方式快速掌握TeX基础并能够独立进行文档编排的新手，同时对那些希望深入理解排版细节的用户也十分有价值。虽然网络上的免费资源可能不易找到，但这本书的重要性在于它提供了一条清晰的学习路径，帮助读者从零开始构建对TeX的强大掌握。

X for the Impatient N

9 Sep 2003 4:48 p.m.

Example 9: Typesetting mathematics 39

\xmpheader 9/{Typesetting mathematics}% see p. 21

For a spherical triangle with sides $a$, $b$, and $c$, and

opposite angles $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$, we have:

$$\cos \alpha = -\cos \beta \cos \gamma +

\sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \alpha \quad

\hbox{(Law of Cosines)}$$

and:

$$\tan {\alpha \over 2} = \sqrt{

{- \cos \sigma \cdot \cos(\sigma - \alpha)} \over

{\cos (\sigma - \beta) \cdot \cos (\sigma - \gamma)}},\quad

\hbox{where $\sigma = {1 \over 2}(a+b+c)$}$$

We also have:$$\sin x = {{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}\over 2i}$$

and:

$$\int _0 ^\infty {{\sin ax \sin bx}\over{x^2}}\,dx

% The \, above produces a thin space

= {\pi a\over 2}, \quad \hbox{if $a < b$}$$

\noindent The number of combinations ${}_nC_r$ of $n$

things taken $r$ at a time is:

$$C(n,r) = {}_nC_r = {n \choose r} =

{{n(n-1) \cdots (n-r+1)} \over {r(r-1) \cdots (1)}} =

{{n!}\over {r!(n-r)!}}$$

\noindent

The value of the determinant $D$ of order $n$:

$$D = \left|\matrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr

a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr

\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr

a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}\right| $$

is defined as the sum of $n!$ terms:

$$\sum\>(\pm)\>a_{1i}a_{2j} \ldots a_{nk}$$

% The \> above produces a medium space.

where $i$, $j$, \dots,~$k$\/ take on all possible values

between $1$ and $n$, and the sign of the product is

$+$ if the sequence $i$, $j$, \dots,~$k$\/ is an

even permutation and $-$ otherwise. Moreover:

$$Q(\xi) = \lambda_1 y_1^2 \sum_{i=2}^n \sum_{j=2}^n y_i

b_{ij} y_j,\qquad B = \Vert b_{ij} \Vert = B’$$

\bye

X for the Impatient N

9 Sep 2003 4:48 p.m.

52 Concepts \ §4

left to right. Each box in the list is placed so that its baseline coincides

with the baseline of H, i.e., the component boxes are lined up horizontally.

The height of H is the height of the tallest box in the list, and the depth of

H is the depth of the deepest box in the list. The width of H is the sum of

the widths of all the items in the list. If any of these items are glue and T

needs to stretch or shrink the glue, the width of H will be larger or smaller

accordingly. See page 77 of The T

Xbook for the details.

Similarly, T

X builds a vbox V from a vertical list by assuming a

temporary reference point for V and then appending the items in the list

to V one by one from top to bottom. Each box in the list is placed so

that its reference point is lined up vertically with the reference point of

As each box other than the ﬁrst one is added to V, T

X puts interline

glue just above it. (This interline glue has no analogue for hboxes.) The

width of V is the width of the widest box in the list, and the vertical

extent (height plus depth) of V is the sum of the vertical extents of all

the items in the list.

The diﬀerence between \vbox and \vtop is in how they partition the

vertical extent of V into a height and a depth. Choosing the reference

point of V determines that partition.

For \vbox, T

X places the reference point on a horizontal line with

the reference point of the last component box or rule of V, except

that if the last box (or rule) is followed by glue or a kern, T

X places

the reference point at the very bottom of V.

For \vtop, T

X places the reference point on a horizontal line with

the reference point of the ﬁrst component box or rule of V, except

that if the ﬁrst box (or rule) is preceded by glue or a kern, T

X places

the reference point at the very top of V.

Roughly speaking, then, \vbox puts the reference point near the bottom

of the vbox and \vtop puts it near the top. When you want to align a

row of vboxes so that their tops line up horizontally, you should usually

use \vtop rather than \vbox. See pages 78 and 80–81 of The T

Xbook

for the details of how T

X builds vboxes.

You have quite a lot of freedom in constructing boxes. The typeset

material in a box can extend beyond the boundaries of the box as it does

for some letters (mostly italic or slanted ones). The component boxes of a

larger box can overlap. A box can have negative width, depth, or height,

though boxes like that are not often needed.

You can save a box in a box register and retrieve it later. Before

using a box register, you should reserve it and give it a name with the

If a box is moved up or down with \raise or \l ower, T

X uses its reference point

before the move when placing it.

If a box is moved left or right with \moveleft or \moveright, T

X uses its reference

point before the move when placing it.

The depth is limited by the parameter \boxmaxdepth (p . 163).

X for the Impatient N

9 Sep 2003 4:48 p.m.

category code 53

\newbox command (p. 244). See “register” (p. 89) for more information

about box registers.

category code. The category code of a character determines that char-

acter’s role in T

X. For instance, T

X assigns a certain role to letters,

another to space characters, and so forth. T

X attaches a code to each

character that it reads. When T

X reads the letter ‘r’, for example, it

ordinarily attaches the category code 11 (letter) to it. For simple T

X ap-

plications you won’t need to worry about category codes, but they become

important when you are trying to achieve special eﬀects.

Category codes apply only to characters that T

X reads from input

ﬁles. Once a character has gotten past T

X’s gullet (see “anatomy of

X”, p. 46) and been interpreted, its category code no longer matters.

A character that you produce with the \char command (p. 99) does not

have a category code because \char is an instruction to T

X to produce

a certain character in a certain font. For instance, the ASCII code for ‘\’

(the usual escape character) is 92. If you type ‘\char92 grok’, it is not

equivalent to \grok. Instead it tells T

X to typeset ‘cgrok’, where c is the

character in position 92 of the code table for the current font.

You can use the \catcode command (p. 251) to reassign the category

code of any character. By changing category codes you can change the

roles of various characters. For instance, if you type ‘\catcode‘\@ = 11’,

the category code of the at sign (@) will be set to “letter”. You then can

use ‘@’ in the name of a control sequence.

Here is a list of the category codes as they’re deﬁned in plain T

X (see

p. 55 for an explanation of the ^^ notation), together with the characters

in each category:

Code Meaning

0 Escape character \

1 Beginning of group {

2 End of group }

3 Math shift $

4 Alignment tab &

5 End of line ^^M ≡ ASCII hreturni

6 Macro parameter #

7 Superscript ^ and ^^K

8 Subscript _ and ^^A

9 Ignored character ^^@ ≡ ASCII hnulli

10 Space and ^^I ≡ ASCII hhorizontal tabi

11 Letter A . . . Z and a . . . z

12 Other character (everything not listed above or below)

13 Active character ~ and ^^L ≡ ASCII hform feedi

14 Comment character %

15 Invalid character ^^? ≡ ASCII hdeletei

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