IEEE802.15.4a-2007：物联网Zigbee通信标准

802.15.4a

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"IEEE802.15.4a-2007是物联网技术中的一个标准，它作为IEEE802.15.4-2006标准的修正版，主要关注无线个人区域网络（WPANs）的无线介质访问控制（MAC）和物理层（PHY）规范，增加了替代的PHY层技术。该标准由IEEE发布，并被美国国家标准协会（ANSI）认可。" IEEE802.15.4a标准是物联网(IoT)通信协议栈中的一个重要组成部分，特别设计用于低速率无线个人区域网络(LR-WPAN)。它扩展了原有的IEEE802.15.4标准，旨在提供更高效、可靠和多样化的无线通信解决方案。802.15.4a的主要目标是增加新的物理层特性，以支持不同的应用场景和传输环境。在802.15.4标准中，物理层负责数据的编码、调制和解调，以及与无线信道的交互。802.15.4a引入了多种新的PHY选项，这些选项包括了超宽带(Ultra-Wideband, UWB)技术，以及针对不同频段和调制方式的其他技术。这些变化使得标准能够适应更广泛的无线通信需求，如室内定位、传感器网络、工业自动化和家庭自动化等领域。超宽带技术是一种使用极短脉冲进行通信的技术，具有极高的数据传输速率和低功耗特性，适合于短距离、高速率的通信。802.15.4a通过UWB技术，提供了在特定环境下更好的穿透力和抗多径干扰能力，这对于需要穿透墙壁和其他障碍物的IoT应用尤其有利。除了UWB，802.15.4a还可能包含其他频段的PHY，如2.4GHz频段的改进版本，以增强在拥挤频谱环境下的性能。这些新的PHY层可以支持多种调制方式，比如正交频分复用(OFDM)，以提高频谱效率和系统容量。在物联网环境中，802.15.4a标准的引入有助于实现设备之间的互操作性，降低功耗，提高网络的可靠性和安全性。Zigbee，一种基于802.15.4标准的网络协议，常用于智能家居、工业自动化和智能建筑等场景，而802.15.4a的扩展使得Zigbee网络能够更好地适应复杂环境，提供更灵活的通信选项。 IEEE802.15.4a-2007标准是对原有标准的重要补充，通过增加对不同物理层技术的支持，提升了LR-WPANs的性能和适用范围，对于物联网技术的发展和广泛应用起到了关键作用。

E.7.11 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 171

E.8 E.6

Notes on the calculations............................................................................................ 171

Annex F (informative) IEEE 802.15.4 r

Regulatory requirements............................................................... 173

F.1 IEEE Std 802.15.4 ........................................................................................................... 173

F.1.1 F.1

Introduction.................................................................................................. 173

F.1.2 F.2

Applicable U.S. (FCC) rules ........................................................................ 173

F.1.3 F.3

Applicable European rules ........................................................................... 173

F.1.4 F.4

Applicable Japanese rules ............................................................................ 173

F.1.5 F.5

Emissions specification analysis with respect to known

worldwide regulations........................................................................................ 173

F.1.6 F.6

Summary of out-of-band spurious emissions limits .................................... 173

F.1.7 F.7

Phase noise requirements inferred from regulatory limits........................... 173

F.1.8 F.8

Summary of transmission power levels ....................................................... 174

F.2 IEEE 802.15.4a UWB...................................................................................................... 174

F.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 174

F.2.2 Applicable U.S. (FCC) rules .............................................................................. 174

F.2.3 Applicable European rules ................................................................................. 175

F.2.4 Applicable Japanese rules .................................................................................. 177

Annex H (informative) UWB PHY optional chaotic pulses........................................................................ 181

Annex I (informative) Example UWB PHY transmit data frame encoding................................................ 183

I.1 Channel used in the example ........................................................................................... 183

I.2 Encoding progression ...................................................................................................... 183

I.2.1 Transmit PSDU .................................................................................................. 183

I.2.2 PSDU bits........................................................................................................... 183

I.2.3 Reed-Solomon encoded bits............................................................................... 184

I.2.4 Convolutional encoder input bits ....................................................................... 184

I.2.5 Convolutional encoder output bits ..................................................................... 184

I.2.6 Scrambler output bits ......................................................................................... 184

I.2.7 Ternary output symbols...................................................................................... 185

IEEE Standard for

Information technology—

Telecommunications and information

exchange between systems—

Local and metropolitan area networks—

Specific requirements

Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)

and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for

Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks

(WPANs)

Amendment 1: Add Alternate PHYs

EDITORIAL NOTE—The editing instructions contained in this amendment define how to merge the material contained

therein into the existing base standard and its amendments to form the comprehensive standard.

The editing instructions are shown in bold italic. Four editing instructions are used: change, delete, insert, and replace.

Change is used to make corrections in existing text or tables. The editing instruction specifies the location of the change

and describes what is being changed by using strikethrough (to remove old material) and underscore (to add new mate-

rial). Delete removes existing material. Insert adds new material without disturbing the existing material. Insertions may

require renumbering. If so, renumbering instructions are given in the editing instruction. Replace is used to make

changes in figures or equations by removing the existing figure or equation and replacing it with a new one. Editorial

notes will not be carried over into future editions because the changes will be incorporated into the base standard

1. Overview

1.2 Scope

Insert the following new paragraph at the end of 1.2:

In addition, alternative physical layers (PHYs) for data communication devices with precision ranging,

extended range, and enhanced robustness and mobility are specified.

1.3 Purpose

Insert the following new paragraph at the end of 1.3:

This standard also provides an international standard for an ultra-low complexity, ultra-low cost, ultra-low

power consumption alternate PHY for IEEE Std 802.15.4

™

(comparable to the goals for IEEE Std 802.15.4-

2003). To satisfy an evolutionary set of industrial and consumer requirements for wireless personal area

network (WPAN) communications, the precision ranging capability will be accurate to one meter or better,

IEEE

Std 802.15.4a-2007 PART 15.4: WIRELESS MAC AND PHY SPECIFICATIONS FOR LR-WPANs

and the communication range, robustness, and mobility improved over IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003. The

requirements to support coexisting networks of sensors, controllers, and logistic and peripheral devices in

multiple compliant co-located systems are addressed.

3. Definitions

Insert the following new definition alphabetically into Clause 3:

3.6a burst: A group of ultra-wide band (UWB) pulses occurring at consecutive chip periods.

3.6b chirp: Linear frequency sweep (frequency may either increase or decrease).

3.6c chirp symbol: One subchirp sequence followed by a time gap.

3.6d complex channel: A combination of a channel [radio frequency (RF) center frequency] and a code that

applies to ultra-wide band (UWB) and chirp spread spectrum (CSS) physical layer (PHY) types. For UWB,

code is a ternary code sequence, and for CSS, a subchirp sequence.

3.16a hybrid modulation: The modulation used in the ultra-wide band (UWB) physical layer (PHY) that

combines both binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and pulse position modulation (PPM) so that both coherent

and noncoherent receivers can be used to demodulate the signal.

3.24a mean pulse repetition frequency (PRF): The total number of pulses within a symbol divided by the

symbol duration.

3.32a peak pulse repetition frequency (PRF): The maximum rate at which a ultra-wide band (UWB)

physical layer (PHY) emits pulses.

3.37a ranging-capable device (RDEV): A device containing an implementation capable of supporting

ranging. As a practical matter, it means that a ultra-wide band (UWB) device supports the ranging counter.

3.37b ranging counter: An abstraction used to characterize the behavior of a ranging-capable device

(RDEV) as it produces ranging counter values.

3.37c ranging figure of merit (FoM): A single octet that expresses the quality of a ranging measurement.

3.37d ranging frame (RFRAME): A ultra-wide band (UWB) frame having the ranging bit set in the

physical layer (PHY) header (PHR).

3.37e ranging marker (RMARKER): The first ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse of the first bit of the physical

layer (PHY) header (PHR) of a ranging frame (RFRAME).

3.41a solver: The node in a ranging network that computes relative positions from timestamp reports.

3.41b subband: The frequency band that can be either lower or upper half of the total occupied band.

3.41c subchirp: The chirp signal with amplitude shaping that occupies one of the two subbands.

3.41d subchirp sequence: A sequence of four subchirps.

4. Acronyms and abbreviations

Insert the following abbreviations alphabetically into Clause 4:

ADC analog-to-digital converter

AF activity factor

AGC automatic gain control

IEEE

AMENDMENT 1: ADD ALTERNATE PHYs Std 802.15.4a-2007

AM amplitude modulation

AWN affected wireless network

BPM burst position modulation

COOK chaotic on-off keying

CoU chirp on UWB

CS continuous spectrum

CSK chirp-shift keying (The phases of subsequent chirps are modulated.)

CSS chirp spread spectrum

DAA detect and avoid

DEMUX de-multiplexer

DPS dynamic preamble selection

DQCSK differential quadrature chirp-shift keying

(The phases of subsequent chirps are modulated with DQPSK values.)

DQPSK differential quadrature phase-shift keying

ERP extended rate PHY conforming to Clause 19 of IEEE Std 802.11

™

-2007

FBWA fixed broadband wireless access

FEC forward error correction

FoM figure of merit

GDOP geometric dilution of precision

HR/DSSS High Rate direct sequence spread spectrum (see Clause 18 of IEEE Std 802.11-2007)

IWN interfering wireless network

LCP linear combination of pulses

LFSR linear feedback shift register

LOS line-of-sight

NLOS non-line-of-sight

PLL phase-locked loop

PPM pulse position modulation

PRBS pseudo-random binary sequence

PRF pulse repetition frequency

RDEV ranging-capable device

RFRAME ranging frame

RMARKER ranging marker

RSSI receive signal strength indicator

SDS-TWR symmetric double-sided two-way ranging

SOP simultaneously operating piconets

U-NII unlicensed national information infrastructure

UWB ultra-wide band

5. General description

5.1 Introduction

Change the following items in the dashed list of 5.1 as shown:

— Over-the-air data rates of 851 kb/s

, 250 kb/s, 110 kb/s, 40 kb/s, and 20 kb/s

— Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) or ALOHA [ultra-wide band

(UWB)] channel access

— 16 channels in the 2450 MHz band, 30 channels in the 915 MHz band, and

3 channels in the

868 MHz band, 14 overlapping

chirp spread spectrum (CSS) channels in the 2450 MHz band, and

16 channels in three UWB bands (500 MHz and 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz).

Insert the following new paragraph at the end of 5.1:

In addition, two optional PHYs are specified. A UWB PHY with optional ranging is one option while a CSS

PHY operating in the 2450 MHz band is the second.

IEEE

Std 802.15.4a-2007 PART 15.4: WIRELESS MAC AND PHY SPECIFICATIONS FOR LR-WPANs

5.4 Architecture

5.4.1 Physical layer (PHY)

Change the third paragraph in 5.4.1 as shown:

The features of the PHY are activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver, energy detection (ED), link

quality indication (LQI), channel selection, clear channel assessment (CCA), and transmitting as well as

receiving packets across the physical medium. The optional UWB PHY also has the optional feature of

precision ranging. The radio operates at one or more of the following unlicensed bands:

— 868–868.6 MHz (e.g., Europe)

— 902–928 MHz (e.g., North America)

— 2400–2483.5 MHz (worldwide)

—

3100–10 600 MHz (UWB varies by region)

Insert the following new text at the end of 5.4.1:

Low-rate WPANs (LR-WPANs) can operate in multiple independent license-free bands. A LR-WPAN

device can be implemented in a single band or multiple bands, but in each band implemented it supports the

mandatory channel set for that band to ensure interoperability for devices that share a common band. For

UWB devices, there are three independent bands: the sub-gigahertz band (250–750 MHz), the low band

(3.1–5 GHz), and the high band (6–10.6 GHz). Each UWB band has a single mandatory channel, and

devices in each band operate independently of the other band. Devices in the three different UWB bands use

the same bandwidths and chipping rates to simplify design and implementation, with each band having

different performance and regulatory constraints in different regions of the world. The three different UWB

bands provide flexibility to allow LR-WPAN devices to operate in different regions as the UWB regulations

are defined and updated over time.

The specification for UWB LR-WPAN devices also incorporates a number of optional enhancements to

potentially improve performance, reduce power consumption, or enhance coexistence characteristics. These

optional enhancements

— Do not compromise the existing LR-WPAN model so that all devices operating in a common band

will always be able to interoperate with a single default mandatory mode.

— Do not raise the baseline complexity for compliant devices, but recognize that some LR-WPAN

applications or implementations may need enhanced performance or coexistence capabilities while

still maintaining full interoperability.

— Provide the capability to UWB LR-WPAN devices to operate under a wider range of radio frequency

(RF) channel conditions while still providing robust performance and precision ranging.

In general, the mechanisms for managing enhancement options and modes are out of scope for this standard

to ensure maximal flexibility while still supporting interoperability.

CSS is a spread spectrum system that is similar to both direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and UWB

and offers some significant properties in addition to these systems due to the different modulation methods.

A chirp is a linear frequency modulated pulse. It could be thought of as sweeping the band at a very high

speed. The type of CSS system defined for this standard uses patterns of smaller chirps, or “subchirps,” to

build one larger chirp symbol. This allows multiple networks to use the same frequency channel

simultaneously and also offers more robust performance. This CSS system also uses differential quadrature

phase-shift keying (DQPSK) modulation to further enhance performance.

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