PostgreSQL 8.1.0 官方文档详解

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"PostgreSQL8.1.0的官方文档pdf，由PostgreSQL全球开发团队制作并发布，包含了详细的数据库系统信息和技术指南。" PostgreSQL是一种强大的开源关系型数据库管理系统，以其高度的稳定性和灵活性而备受赞誉。这份8.1.0版本的官方文档是PostgreSQL社区的重要资源，它详尽地介绍了该系统的各个方面，包括安装、配置、管理、SQL语言、性能优化以及安全性等方面的知识。首先，文档会引导读者进行PostgreSQL的安装和配置，包括如何在不同的操作系统上设置服务器，以及如何调整参数以满足特定需求。此外，它还涵盖了网络连接和安全设置，确保用户可以安全地访问和管理数据库。其次，文档深入讲解了SQL语言的使用，包括数据类型、表的创建与操作、索引、查询语句、事务处理、视图、存储过程等核心概念。对于开发者来说，理解这些内容是有效利用PostgreSQL的关键。再者，文档对数据库的管理提供了全面指导，如备份与恢复策略、性能监控、日志分析以及故障排查。这些内容有助于数据库管理员优化系统性能，预防和解决潜在问题。此外，文档还涉及了高级特性，如复制、分区、并行查询和窗口函数，这些特性使得PostgreSQL能够处理复杂的数据处理任务和大规模的数据量。同时，文档也提到了一些扩展和插件，如全文搜索、GIS支持和JSON处理，展示了PostgreSQL的可扩展性和适应性。在法律条款方面，PostgreSQL遵循加州大学的许可协议，允许免费使用、复制、修改和分发软件及其文档，但要求保留版权信息。同时，协议明确指出，加州大学不承担因使用该软件和文档可能造成的直接或间接损害的责任，并且不提供任何明示或暗示的保修。这份PostgreSQL8.1.0的官方文档是学习和掌握PostgreSQL数据库系统不可或缺的参考资料，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的DBA，都能从中获得宝贵的指导和帮助。

SPI_connect ......................................................................................................... 627

SPI_ﬁnish............................................................................................................. 629

SPI_push .............................................................................................................. 630

SPI_pop................................................................................................................ 631

SPI_execute..........................................................................................................632

SPI_exec............................................................................................................... 635

SPI_prepare.......................................................................................................... 636

SPI_getargcount................................................................................................... 638

SPI_getargtypeid.................................................................................................. 639

SPI_is_cursor_plan .............................................................................................. 640

SPI_execute_plan................................................................................................. 641

SPI_execp............................................................................................................. 643

SPI_cursor_open.................................................................................................. 644

SPI_cursor_ﬁnd.................................................................................................... 645

SPI_cursor_fetch.................................................................................................. 646

SPI_cursor_move................................................................................................. 647

SPI_cursor_close.................................................................................................. 648

SPI_saveplan........................................................................................................ 649

40.2. Interface Support Functions ................................................................................. 650

SPI_fname............................................................................................................ 650

SPI_fnumber ........................................................................................................ 651

SPI_getvalue ........................................................................................................ 652

SPI_getbinval ....................................................................................................... 653

SPI_gettype.......................................................................................................... 654

SPI_gettypeid....................................................................................................... 655

SPI_getrelname.................................................................................................... 656

SPI_getnspname...................................................................................................657

40.3. Memory Management .......................................................................................... 658

SPI_palloc............................................................................................................ 658

SPI_repalloc......................................................................................................... 660

SPI_pfree.............................................................................................................. 661

SPI_copytuple...................................................................................................... 662

SPI_returntuple .................................................................................................... 663

SPI_modifytuple .................................................................................................. 664

SPI_freetuple........................................................................................................ 666

SPI_freetuptable................................................................................................... 667

SPI_freeplan......................................................................................................... 668

40.4. Visibility of Data Changes .................................................................................... 669

40.5. Examples ..............................................................................................................669

VI. Reference................................................................................................................................... 673

I. SQL Commands................................................................................................................... 675

ABORT.......................................................................................................................... 676

ALTER AGGREGATE.................................................................................................. 678

ALTER CONVERSION................................................................................................ 680

ALTER DATABASE ..................................................................................................... 682

ALTER DOMAIN ......................................................................................................... 684

ALTER FUNCTION ..................................................................................................... 687

ALTER GROUP ............................................................................................................ 690

ALTER INDEX ............................................................................................................. 692

ALTER LANGUAGE.................................................................................................... 694

ALTER OPERATOR..................................................................................................... 695

xvi

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS........................................................................................ 697

ALTER ROLE ............................................................................................................... 698

ALTER SCHEMA ......................................................................................................... 701

ALTER SEQUENCE..................................................................................................... 702

ALTER TABLE ............................................................................................................. 704

ALTER TABLESPACE ................................................................................................. 711

ALTER TRIGGER ........................................................................................................ 713

ALTER TYPE................................................................................................................ 715

ALTER USER ............................................................................................................... 717

ANALYZE..................................................................................................................... 718

BEGIN........................................................................................................................... 720

CHECKPOINT.............................................................................................................. 722

CLOSE .......................................................................................................................... 723

CLUSTER ..................................................................................................................... 725

COMMENT................................................................................................................... 728

COMMIT....................................................................................................................... 731

COMMIT PREPARED.................................................................................................. 732

COPY ............................................................................................................................ 733

CREATE AGGREGATE ............................................................................................... 741

CREATE CAST............................................................................................................. 744

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER ...........................................................................747

CREATE CONVERSION ............................................................................................. 748

CREATE DATABASE................................................................................................... 750

CREATE DOMAIN....................................................................................................... 752

CREATE FUNCTION................................................................................................... 755

CREATE GROUP.......................................................................................................... 760

CREATE INDEX........................................................................................................... 761

CREATE LANGUAGE ................................................................................................. 764

CREATE OPERATOR .................................................................................................. 767

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS ..................................................................................... 770

CREATE ROLE............................................................................................................. 773

CREATE RULE............................................................................................................. 777

CREATE SCHEMA ...................................................................................................... 780

CREATE SEQUENCE .................................................................................................. 782

CREATE TABLE .......................................................................................................... 785

CREATE TABLE AS .................................................................................................... 795

CREATE TABLESPACE............................................................................................... 797

CREATE TRIGGER...................................................................................................... 799

CREATE TYPE ............................................................................................................. 802

CREATE USER............................................................................................................. 808

CREATE VIEW............................................................................................................. 809

DEALLOCATE ............................................................................................................. 812

DECLARE..................................................................................................................... 813

DELETE ........................................................................................................................ 816

DROP AGGREGATE.................................................................................................... 818

DROP CAST .................................................................................................................819

DROP CONVERSION.................................................................................................. 820

DROP DATABASE ....................................................................................................... 821

DROP DOMAIN ........................................................................................................... 822

DROP FUNCTION .......................................................................................................823

DROP GROUP .............................................................................................................. 825

DROP INDEX ............................................................................................................... 826

xvii

DROP LANGUAGE...................................................................................................... 827

DROP OPERATOR ....................................................................................................... 828

DROP OPERATOR CLASS .......................................................................................... 830

DROP ROLE ................................................................................................................. 831

DROP RULE ................................................................................................................. 833

DROP SCHEMA........................................................................................................... 834

DROP SEQUENCE....................................................................................................... 835

DROP TABLE ...............................................................................................................836

DROP TABLESPACE ................................................................................................... 838

DROP TRIGGER .......................................................................................................... 839

DROP TYPE.................................................................................................................. 840

DROP USER .................................................................................................................841

DROP VIEW ................................................................................................................. 842

END............................................................................................................................... 843

EXECUTE..................................................................................................................... 844

EXPLAIN ...................................................................................................................... 846

FETCH .......................................................................................................................... 849

GRANT ......................................................................................................................... 853

INSERT .........................................................................................................................859

LISTEN ......................................................................................................................... 862

LOAD ............................................................................................................................ 864

LOCK ............................................................................................................................ 865

MOVE ............................................................................................................................ 868

NOTIFY......................................................................................................................... 870

PREPARE...................................................................................................................... 872

PREPARE TRANSACTION......................................................................................... 874

REINDEX...................................................................................................................... 876

RELEASE SAVEPOINT............................................................................................... 879

RESET........................................................................................................................... 881

REVOKE ....................................................................................................................... 882

ROLLBACK.................................................................................................................. 885

ROLLBACK PREPARED............................................................................................. 886

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT ..................................................................................... 887

SAVEPOINT .................................................................................................................889

SELECT ........................................................................................................................ 891

SELECT INTO.............................................................................................................. 902

SET ................................................................................................................................ 904

SET CONSTRAINTS ................................................................................................... 907

SET ROLE..................................................................................................................... 908

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION.............................................................................. 910

SET TRANSACTION................................................................................................... 912

SHOW ........................................................................................................................... 914

START TRANSACTION.............................................................................................. 916

TRUNCATE ..................................................................................................................917

UNLISTEN.................................................................................................................... 918

UPDATE........................................................................................................................ 920

VACUUM ...................................................................................................................... 923

II. PostgreSQL Client Applications ........................................................................................ 926

clusterdb ........................................................................................................................ 927

createdb.......................................................................................................................... 930

createlang....................................................................................................................... 933

createuser....................................................................................................................... 935

xviii

dropdb............................................................................................................................ 939

droplang......................................................................................................................... 942

dropuser .........................................................................................................................944

ecpg................................................................................................................................ 947

pg_conﬁg .......................................................................................................................949

pg_dump ........................................................................................................................ 952

pg_dumpall .................................................................................................................... 958

pg_restore ...................................................................................................................... 962

psql ................................................................................................................................ 968

reindexdb .......................................................................................................................992

vacuumdb.......................................................................................................................995

III. PostgreSQL Server Applications ...................................................................................... 998

initdb.............................................................................................................................. 999

ipcclean........................................................................................................................ 1002

pg_controldata .............................................................................................................1003

pg_ctl ...........................................................................................................................1004

pg_resetxlog ................................................................................................................ 1009

postgres........................................................................................................................ 1011

postmaster.................................................................................................................... 1015

VII. Internals................................................................................................................................. 1020

41. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals ................................................................................. 1022

41.1. The Path of a Query............................................................................................ 1022

41.2. How Connections are Established ...................................................................... 1022

41.3. The Parser Stage ................................................................................................. 1023

41.3.1. Parser...................................................................................................... 1023

41.3.2. Transformation Process.......................................................................... 1024

41.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System ............................................................................ 1024

41.5. Planner/Optimizer ............................................................................................... 1024

41.5.1. Generating Possible Plans...................................................................... 1025

41.6. Executor.............................................................................................................. 1026

42. System Catalogs.............................................................................................................. 1027

42.1. Overview ............................................................................................................ 1027

42.2. pg_aggregate .................................................................................................. 1028

42.3. pg_am ................................................................................................................. 1029

42.4. pg_amop ............................................................................................................. 1030

42.5. pg_amproc......................................................................................................... 1031

42.6. pg_attrdef....................................................................................................... 1031

42.7. pg_attribute .................................................................................................. 1032

42.8. pg_authid......................................................................................................... 1034

42.9. pg_auth_members............................................................................................ 1036

42.10. pg_autovacuum .............................................................................................. 1036

42.11. pg_cast ........................................................................................................... 1037

42.12. pg_class......................................................................................................... 1038

42.13. pg_constraint .............................................................................................. 1041

42.14. pg_conversion .............................................................................................. 1042

42.15. pg_database ..................................................................................................1043

42.16. pg_depend....................................................................................................... 1045

42.17. pg_description ............................................................................................ 1046

42.18. pg_index......................................................................................................... 1047

42.19. pg_inherits ..................................................................................................1048

42.20. pg_language ..................................................................................................1049

xix

42.21. pg_largeobject ............................................................................................ 1050

42.22. pg_listener ..................................................................................................1051

42.23. pg_namespace ................................................................................................ 1051

42.24. pg_opclass..................................................................................................... 1051

42.25. pg_operator ..................................................................................................1052

42.26. pg_pltemplate .............................................................................................. 1054

42.27. pg_proc ........................................................................................................... 1054

42.28. pg_rewrite..................................................................................................... 1057

42.29. pg_shdepend ..................................................................................................1058

42.30. pg_statistic ................................................................................................ 1059

42.31. pg_tablespace .............................................................................................. 1061

42.32. pg_trigger..................................................................................................... 1062

42.33. pg_type ........................................................................................................... 1063

42.34. System Views ...................................................................................................1068

42.35. pg_group......................................................................................................... 1069

42.36. pg_indexes..................................................................................................... 1069

42.37. pg_locks......................................................................................................... 1070

42.38. pg_prepared_xacts ..................................................................................... 1072

42.39. pg_roles......................................................................................................... 1073

42.40. pg_rules......................................................................................................... 1074

42.41. pg_settings ..................................................................................................1075

42.42. pg_shadow....................................................................................................... 1076

42.43. pg_stats......................................................................................................... 1076

42.44. pg_tables....................................................................................................... 1078

42.45. pg_user ........................................................................................................... 1079

42.46. pg_views......................................................................................................... 1080

43. Frontend/Backend Protocol............................................................................................. 1081

43.1. Overview ............................................................................................................ 1081

43.1.1. Messaging Overview.............................................................................. 1081

43.1.2. Extended Query Overview..................................................................... 1082

43.1.3. Formats and Format Codes .................................................................... 1082

43.2. Message Flow..................................................................................................... 1083

43.2.1. Start-Up.................................................................................................. 1083

43.2.2. Simple Query ......................................................................................... 1085

43.2.3. Extended Query .....................................................................................1086

43.2.4. Function Call..........................................................................................1089

43.2.5. COPY Operations .................................................................................. 1090

43.2.6. Asynchronous Operations...................................................................... 1090

43.2.7. Cancelling Requests in Progress............................................................ 1091

43.2.8. Termination ............................................................................................ 1092

43.2.9. SSL Session Encryption......................................................................... 1092

43.3. Message Data Types ........................................................................................... 1093

43.4. Message Formats ................................................................................................ 1093

43.5. Error and Notice Message Fields ....................................................................... 1108

43.6. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0............................................................ 1109

44. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions ................................................................................... 1111

44.1. Formatting ..........................................................................................................1111

44.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server.................................................................... 1111

44.3. Error Message Style Guide................................................................................. 1113

44.3.1. What goes where.................................................................................... 1113

44.3.2. Formatting.............................................................................................. 1114

44.3.3. Quotation marks..................................................................................... 1114

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