Mac OS X Quartz 2D与PDF图形编程：跨平台开发新趋势

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The typical day-to-day experience of most programmers consists of what is

euphemistically known as “maintenance” (that is, ﬁxing mistakes in existing

code) or, if their karma is particularly good, the occasional opportunity to add

new features to an existing library or application. While these activities (particu-

larly the latter) can be rewarding in their own ways, the programmer is always

constrained in some fashion by the requirement of compatibility with the exist-

ing code base, with other existing libraries and applications, or with old ﬁle for-

mats. While civilians (i.e., nonprogrammers) often fantasize about winning the

lottery, the equivalent for many programmers is the rare opportunity to create a

new library from scratch, without the constraints that often frustrate their

desires to extend and improve an existing library.

The advent of Mac OS X provided engineers at Apple with the opportunity (and

challenge) to start afresh. Apple wisely chose to bring forward those parts of the

original “toolbox” (APIs, in non-Apple speak) in the form of the Carbon inter-

face—this allowed the existing application base to be ported to Mac OS X in a

relatively painless fashion. However, Apple also recognized the tremendous

opportunity afforded them by the fact that new Mac OS X APIs needn’t be

backward compatible; they could start from scratch without being so con-

strained and could take advantage of new technologies, hardware capabilities,

and the lessons learned over many years of providing libraries and services to

application developers.

With Quartz 2D, Apple’s engineers have gone far beyond merely meeting that

challenge and have produced an API that is simply spectacular. Here’s a thought

experiment: close your eyes and imagine you’ve been given the opportunity to

write a modern 2D graphics API from the ground up—what would be on your

wish list? Certainly you’d want it to be device- and resolution-independent.

You’d want sophisticated color management—the ability to use a variety of color

spaces, including calibrated color—and you’d certainly want to support transpar-

ency and blending. You’d want sophisticated handling of text: layout, fonts, and

Unicode support. You’d want to be able to take advantage of widely used ﬁle for-

mats and libraries (such as QuickTime, JPEG, PostScript, EPS, and PDF) but be

independent of these as much as possible. You’d want it to be easy to do easy

things, like draw a circle or a box, and you’d want it to be as easy as possible to

do very complex things (for example, by providing a manageable interface to

Foreword

xvi

Foreword

inherently complex functionality such as with color management or bitmap ﬁle

formats). You’d want the API to be clean, consistent, elegant, and orthogonal so

programmers could create more of the incredible applications the Macintosh is

justiﬁably known for. You’d also want it to be blazingly fast to give users the best

possible experience. Quartz 2D fulﬁlls all those wishes and much more.

The best API in the world isn’t going to go very far without adequate documen-

tation. At the very least one needs a reference manual, and Apple’s have histori-

cally been quite good. Reference manuals are not intended to teach program-

mers the how and why of using an API, and so one can ﬁnd for almost any API a

number (often a large number) of books that purport to be tutorial in nature. I

don’t need to offer more than the observation that such books tend to be highly

variable in their value, to put it as diplomatically as possible. This is lamentable

but understandable; the task of describing a rich and powerful API is certainly

one of the most difﬁcult in technical writing.

The authors of the book you now hold in your hands have met the challenge of

describing Quartz 2D in a simply spectacular fashion: this is unquestionably one

of the best API books I’ve ever encountered. The Quartz 2D API’s elegance, clar-

ity, and power is mirrored beautifully by the authors’ presentation: easy things

are easy to understand, while complex functionality is explained in as straight-

forward a fashion as possible. Many API how-to books fall down most dramati-

cally in their use of code examples—either they are much too shallow or much

too arcane or, worst of all, they will attempt to guide the reader through the

entire development cycle of a contrived application. Not so with this book—

indeed, the examples here are, well, exemplary; they’re chosen to guide the

reader from complete naiveté to mastery and are explained in such a way that

the application programmer understands

why

and not just

how

. This book has

two other great strengths. First, as with many APIs, Quartz 2D provides several

ways of accessing the library’s functionality, and the authors go to great effort to

explain the often subtle differences in the approaches and provide clear guide-

lines to the programmer for choosing the right approach. Second, the authors

have provided a liberal dose of advice on best practices: tidbits of information

regarding how to use the API correctly, which may not necessarily be obvious

even to experienced programmers.

The authors, in the preface that follows, have nicely described the goals and

organization of the book and have provided a broad overview of some of Quartz

2D’s functionality (that is, what makes it such a great API), so I won’t belabor

that here. Read the book! They also describe the intended audience, but since I

have an opinion here and the imprimatur to state it, I will belabor that aspect.

The Macintosh is so widely regarded for its “ease of use” that this phrase has

almost become a cliché. The Macintosh has been wildly successful in the artistic,

musical, and publishing communities. Both of these phenomena have led to the

Foreword

xvii

view among many non-Macintosh programmers that the Macintosh is not a seri-

ous machine for business or science, much less an appealing platform for hard-

core programming. I love the Macintosh for its ease of use, its “it just works”

nature, the beauty and elegance of its user interface, and the awesome applica-

tions available for it, but, even with all of this, I believe the Macintosh’s greatest

strength lies in its APIs—they are simply the best in the business.

The Macintosh is inarguably the best platform for users, but it is also the best

platform for developers as well. By using Quartz 2D in the Carbon or Cocoa

framework, developers can create the sorts of interactive applications for which

the Mac is famous, and with much greater ease than on other platforms. But

since Quartz 2D is not by its nature tied to either of these frameworks, program-

mers can take advantage of the tremendous power of the API in command-line

applications written in C and C++. Quartz 2D also has Python bindings for the

great majority of its functionality, allowing programmers to simultaneously take

advantage of Python and Quartz 2D. The authors don’t speciﬁcally mention it,

but it would be possible to write an interactive application with a GUI in either

X11 or Python and use most of the functionality of Quartz 2D.

In light of all this, I strongly encourage non-Macintosh programmers to pick up

this book and ﬁnd out for themselves what a truly great development platform

we have in the Macintosh. Programmers and software managers at Windows,

Linux, and Unix shops should seriously consider the Macintosh as an addition to

(or replacement for!) their current stable of platforms. In particular, movie stu-

dios, animation houses, and special-effects facilities would do well to consider

that with Macintosh, a single platform can provide everything they need: 3D

applications (e.g., Maya and LightWave 3D), 2D applications (e.g., Adobe Pho-

toshop), compositing (Shake), digital video editing (Final Cut Pro), and so on, as

well as the best platform for developing in-house 3D and 2D applications. Let

Quartz 2D and this wonderful book show you the possibilities.

Philip J. Schneider

R&D Engineer

Industrial Light + Magic

October 2005

xix

This book describes the Quartz 2D graphics and imaging system in Mac OS X

and explains how to use the Quartz 2D application programming interface

(API). With the Portable Document Format (PDF) at the core of its imaging

model, Quartz 2D is a breakthrough technology for two-dimensional (2D)

graphics on personal computers. Quartz 2D provides the support you’d expect

for graphics primitives like lines, curves, rectangles, arbitrary paths, and images.

It also supports features such as translucency, layers, shadows, and a host of other

sophisticated effects. Not only can you create PDF documents, but you can draw

and dissect existing ones.

The Quartz 2D implementation is fast and easy to use. In addition to 2D-

drawing and PDF support, Quartz 2D reads, displays, and writes a wide variety

of bitmap image formats.

Color management is built into Quartz. Quartz 2D works behind the scenes

with ColorSync technology to make sure ICC color proﬁles are respected. Appli-

cations can use calibrated color spaces as well as device color spaces.

Quartz 2D drawing can be sent to a printer, captured to a PDF ﬁle, or rendered

to an offscreen bitmap just as easily as it can be drawn to the display. That’s

because drawing destinations are treated as abstractions. Applications can focus

on the drawing and let the system handle the process of rendering the content to

a speciﬁc destination.

Our Objective

This book is intended to familiarize developers with the capabilities of Quartz

2D and to get them programming Quartz graphics in their applications. The

book describes how best to use Quartz 2D and gives numerous code examples to

show how to accomplish many of the drawing tasks possible with Quartz 2D.

Any of the following will beneﬁt from reading this book:

■

New Mac OS X developers who want to get started with 2D graphics in Mac

OS X.

■

Longtime Mac OS developers who have used the Carbon framework and

want to add powerful new drawing capabilities, support PDF documents, and

improve the quality of the graphics in their applications.

Preface

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