算法之魂：计算机精神探析

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《算法之美：计算机精神》（Algorithmics - The Spirit of Computing）是一本由David Harel和Yishai Feldman合著的经典著作，旨在探索计算机科学中的算法与计算的本质。该书第三版于2004年出版，它在深入阐述算法理论的同时，强调了计算机在现代社会中的无所不在的影响。书中首先指出，计算机作为神奇的机器，其功能强大且多样化，从航空航天技术到电力站管理，再到危险化学品处理，几乎无处不在。它们已经成为商业运营不可或缺的一部分，甚至在医疗领域，许多复杂的手术和数据分析都离不开它们的支持。律师和法官利用计算机搜索司法案例，科学家则借助它们进行精密的数学计算，电话网络的运行调度也是由计算机精确控制的。作者将算法视为计算机的灵魂，强调算法设计是计算机科学的核心，它决定了计算机如何高效地解决问题和执行任务。无论是地图阅读、排版印刷，还是图形图像处理和集成电路设计，这些看似复杂的操作背后都是由算法精心设计的流程。此外，计算机还能帮助我们管理日常琐事如家庭开支，同时提供娱乐如游戏和音乐，极大地丰富了我们的生活。《算法之美》探讨了算法的设计思想和实践，涵盖了基础的搜索、排序、递归等概念，以及更高级的主题如动态规划、图算法、数据结构等。通过本书，读者不仅能理解算法的工作原理，还能学会如何应用这些原理解决实际问题，从而提高编程和问题解决的能力。本书的第三版更新了内容，反映了近年来计算机科学的最新发展，包括云计算、人工智能和大数据等领域的新进展，让读者紧跟时代的步伐。《算法之美：计算机精神》不仅是一本教育教材，也是一本启迪思考的工具书，对于任何对计算机科学感兴趣的人来说，它都是一份宝贵的资源。

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Preface xv

The ﬁrst noticeable difference is that for this revision I needed real help ...,

and was fortunately joined by Yishai Feldman. He has taken part in all aspects of

the revision, but most signiﬁcantly took upon himself the thorough revision of the

material on programming languages and the writing of the new chapter on software

engineering.

The main changes are as follows:

The book now has ﬁve Parts, rather than four. In Part I (Preliminaries) Chapter 3

has been completely rewritten, and is now titled “Programming Languages and

Paradigms.” The list of languages discussed has been revised and is organized into

paradigms, thus giving a more informative and updated exposition of the media we

use when we program computers. Discussions of some languages (e.g.,

APL and

SNOBOL

) have been dropped altogether and those of others (e.g.,

C, C++ and JAVA)

have been added.

Part II (Methods and Analysis) and Part III (Limitations and Robustness), i.e.,

Chapters 4 through 9, required no sweeping changes. This can again be attributed

to the “classical” nature of the topics chosen for these, as mentioned in the “New to

the second edition” section above.

The ﬁrst chapter of Part IV (Relaxing the Rules) was previously titled “Paral-

lelism and Concurrency” and is now called “Parallelism, Concurrency, and Alterna-

tive Models.” It incorporates new sections on quantum computing, including Shor’s

factoring algorithm, and a discussion of molecular computing. These topics may be

considered to be additional forms of parallelism, albeit more radical ones. The re-

maining two chapters of Part IV were constructed by separating out the material on

probabilistic algorithms (Chapter 11) from that on cryptography (now Chapter 12)—

presented together in a single chapter in the previous editions—and extending both

by discussions of some of the new developments in these ﬁelds.

Part V (The Bigger Picture) ends with the closing chapter of the previous edi-

tions, “Algorithmics and Intelligence,” which is now Chapter 15. However, this

is now preceded by two new chapters: Chapter 13, “Software Engineering,” and

Chapter 14, “Reactive Systems.” The ﬁrst of these is an attempt to provide a general

introduction to the issues and problems arising in the development of large soft-

ware systems. The second new chapter zeros in on the particular difﬁculties arising

in the special case of reactive systems, as a result of their complex behavior over

time.

Besides these more noticeable changes, the entire text has been brought up to

date in many less subtle and more subtle ways. There are discussions on abstract

data types, on the nonapproximability of certain NP-complete problems, on proba-

bilistically checkable proofs, and on the brand new AKS polynomial-time algorithm

for primality. The ﬁnal chapter has been modiﬁed in many places too, e.g., with a

discussion added on the Chinese room argument.

While we have left the exercises and solutions essentially as they were in the

second edition, the bibliographic notes were a completely different story. Twelve

years in Computer Science is almost an eternity ... The format of the notes is the

same as in the previous editions; i.e., a general section at the start of each chapter,

which lists relevant books and periodicals, followed by detailed notes that progress

with the text of the chapter itself and point back to its page numbers. In revising

them, we had to prepare new notes for the large amount of newly added material,

of course, but we also had to painstakingly reconsider and thoroughly revise the

entire set of existing notes. Hopefully, the result of all of this will turn out to be a

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Acknowledgments

Therefore will I give

thanks to thee

PSALM 18: 50

First thanks go to my home institution, the Weizmann Institute of Science, for

providing the ideal supportive and encouraging environment for this kind of

endeavor.

My deepest gratitude goes to Yishai Feldman (who was my very ﬁrst PhD student

many years ago, and) who graciously agreed to join me in the preparation of this,

the third, edition. I am grateful for the time, energy, and talent he put into this

project. There is absolutely no way the revision would have been carried out without

him.

Parts of the original edition of the book were written while I was visiting Digital

Equipment Corporation’s Systems Research Center in Palo Alto, California, in the

summer of 1985 and Carnegie-Mellon University’s Computer Science Department

for the 1986/7 academic year. I would like to express my deepest gratitude for these

opportunities to work on the book undisturbed. Later visits to Cornell University,

Bell Labs, NASA, and Lucent Technologies provided time to work on some of the

revisions for the second and third editions.

The late T. Yuval, Managing Editor of the Broadcast University programs on the

Israeli radio channel “Galei Zahal,” deserves special thanks for convincing me to

prepare the 1983–4 lecture series out of which the original version of this book later

grew.

I am indebted to my colleagues at the Weizmann Institute, A. Pnueli, A. Shamir,

and S. Ullman, for discussions related to the material appearing herein. It is amazing

how one’s whole approach can beneﬁt from being surrounded by researchers of such

caliber.

A very special thanks goes to R. Rosner, who co-authored the exercises and

solutions, which ﬁrst appeared as part of the second edition, and to Eyal Mashiah

for his help in preparing the index for the present edition.

I am grateful to the many people who read parts of the original 1987 manuscript or

later editions, identiﬁed errors, made bibliographic suggestions, or provided helpful

xvii

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天池村民

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