VirtualBox用户指南：快速入门与配置

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OracleVM VirtualBox 用户手册（版本 5.2.4）是一份详尽的文档，由 Oracle 公司提供，旨在指导用户安装、理解和操作这款强大的虚拟机软件。该手册涵盖了虚拟化技术的基础概念，如何理解虚拟化的重要性，专业术语解释，以及 VirtualBox 的核心功能。在第一部分“Firststeps”，作者首先阐述了虚拟化为何实用，例如资源高效利用、环境隔离和跨平台兼容性等。接着，对虚拟化中的基本术语进行了定义，如主机操作系统（Host OS）、虚拟机（VM）、硬件抽象层（Hypervisor）等，帮助读者建立起清晰的概念框架。用户指南随后介绍了VirtualBox支持的各种主机操作系统，包括Windows、Linux、macOS等，以及安装步骤，确保用户能够在自己的系统上顺利部署。启动VirtualBox后，教程引导读者如何创建第一个虚拟机，包括设置系统类型、分配内存和硬盘空间等关键配置。运行虚拟机时，手册详细讲解了初次启动、键盘鼠标交互、特殊字符输入、可移除媒体的更换、调整窗口大小、保存机器状态、使用VM组管理和组织虚拟机等操作。对于高级用户，还介绍了如何创建和管理快照，以实现故障恢复和数据备份的功能。在虚拟机配置方面，手册涵盖了CPU、内存、网络、存储、显示设置等，以及如何安全地删除不再使用的虚拟机和克隆现有的机器以节省时间。此外，用户还可以学习如何导入导出虚拟机，以便在不同的计算机或环境之间共享和迁移。章节“GlobalSettings”关注的是全局配置选项，这些设置可以影响所有虚拟机的性能和行为。最后，手册提到了替代的前端界面，让读者了解除了官方图形界面之外的其他操作方式。第二部分“Installationdetails”则深入到安装的细节，包括特定于Windows平台的安装步骤和注意事项，以确保用户能针对其操作系统环境顺利安装并优化VirtualBox的使用体验。 OracleVM VirtualBox 用户手册提供了全面的教育资源，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的用户，都能从中获取所需的指导和技巧，以便有效管理和利用VirtualBox这款虚拟机软件。

1 First steps

example, you can start a VM simply by clicking on a button in the VirtualBox graphical

user interface and then control that machine from the command line, or even remotely.

See chapter 1.16, Alternative front-ends, page 33 for details.

Due to its modular architecture, VirtualBox can also expose its full functionality and con-

ﬁgurability through a comprehensive software development kit (SDK), which allows for

integrating every aspect of VirtualBox with other software systems. Please see chapter 11,

VirtualBox programming interfaces, page 256 for details.

• Remote machine display. The VirtualBox Remote Desktop Extension (VRDE) allows for

high-performance remote access to any running virtual machine. This extension supports

the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) originally built into Microsoft Windows, with special

additions for full client USB support.

The VRDE does not rely on the RDP server that is built into Microsoft Windows; instead, it

is plugged directly into the virtualization layer. As a result, it works with guest operating

systems other than Windows (even in text mode) and does not require application support

in the virtual machine either. The VRDE is described in detail in chapter 7.1, Remote display

(VRDP support), page 107.

On top of this special capacity, VirtualBox offers you more unique features:

– Extensible RDP authentication. VirtualBox already supports Winlogon on Windows

and PAM on Linux for RDP authentication. In addition, it includes an easy-to-use SDK

which allows you to create arbitrary interfaces for other methods of authentication;

see chapter 7.1.5, RDP authentication, page 111 for details.

– USB over RDP. Via RDP virtual channel support, VirtualBox also allows you to connect

arbitrary USB devices locally to a virtual machine which is running remotely on a

VirtualBox RDP server; see chapter 7.1.4, Remote USB, page 111 for details.

1.4 Supported host operating systems

Currently, VirtualBox runs on the following host operating systems:

• Windows hosts:

– Windows Server 2008 (64-bit)

– Windows Server 2008 R2 (64-bit)

– Windows 7 (32-bit and 64-bit)

– Windows 8 (32-bit and 64-bit)

– Windows 8.1 (32-bit and 64-bit)

– Windows 10 RTM build 10240 (32-bit and 64-bit)

– Windows Server 2012 (64-bit)

– Windows Server 2012 R2 (64-bit)

– Windows Server 2016 (64-bit)

• Mac OS X hosts (64-bit):

– 10.10 (Yosemite)

Support for 64-bit Windows was added with VirtualBox 1.5. Support for Windows XP was removed with VirtualBox

5.0. Support for Windows Vista was removed with VirtualBox 5.2.

Preliminary Mac OS X support (beta stage) was added with VirtualBox 1.4, full support with 1.6. Mac OS X 10.4

(Tiger) support was removed with VirtualBox 3.1. Support for Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion) and earlier was removed with

VirtualBox 5.0. Support for Mac OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion) was removed with VirtualBox 5.1. Support for Mac OS

X 10.9 (Mavericks) was removed with VirtualBox 5.2.

1 First steps

– 10.11 (El Capitan)

– 10.12 (Sierra)

– 10.13 (High Sierra)

Intel hardware is required; please see chapter 14, Known limitations, page 280 also.

• Linux hosts (32-bit and 64-bit

). Among others, this includes:

– Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, 16.04 LTS, and 17.04

– Debian GNU/Linux 7 (“Wheezy”), 8 (“Jessie”) and 9 (“Stretch”)

– Oracle Enterprise Linux 5, Oracle Linux 6 and 7

– Redhat Enterprise Linux 5, 6 and 7

– Fedora 25 and 26

– Gentoo Linux

– openSUSE 13.2

It should be possible to use VirtualBox on most systems based on Linux kernel 2.6 or

3.x using either the VirtualBox installer or by doing a manual installation; see chapter

2.3, Installing on Linux hosts, page 38. However, the formally tested and supported Linux

distributions are those for which we offer a dedicated package.

Note that starting with VirtualBox 2.1, Linux 2.4-based host operating systems are no

longer supported.

• Solaris hosts (64-bit only) are supported with the restrictions listed in chapter 14, Known

limitations, page 280:

– Solaris 11

– Solaris 10 (U10 and higher)

Note that the above list is informal. Oracle support for customers who have a support contract

is limited to a subset of the listed host operating systems. Also, any feature which is marked as

experimental is not supported. Feedback and suggestions about such features are welcome.

1.5 Installing VirtualBox and extension packs

VirtualBox comes in many different packages, and installation depends on your host operating

system. If you have installed software before, installation should be straightforward: on each

host platform, VirtualBox uses the installation method that is most common and easy to use. If

you run into trouble or have special requirements, please refer to chapter 2, Installation details,

page 35 for details about the various installation methods.

Starting with version 4.0, VirtualBox is split into several components.

1. The base package consists of all open-source components and is licensed under the GNU

General Public License V2.

2. Additional extension packs can be downloaded which extend the functionality of the

VirtualBox base package. Currently, Oracle provides the one extension pack, which can

be found at http://www.virtualbox.org and provides the following added functional-

ity:

a) The virtual USB 2.0 (EHCI) device; see chapter 3.11.1, USB settings, page 58.

b) The virtual USB 3.0 (xHCI) device; see chapter 3.11.1, USB settings, page 58.

Support for 64-bit Linux was added with VirtualBox 1.4.

1 First steps

mind that once you have created a few VMs, you will appreciate if you have given your

VMs rather informative names; “My VM” would thus be less useful than “Windows XP SP2

with OpenOfﬁce”.

2. For “Operating System Type”, select the operating system that you want to install later.

The supported operating systems are grouped; if you want to install something very un-

usual that is not listed, select “Other”. Depending on your selection, VirtualBox will enable

or disable certain VM settings that your guest operating system may require. This is partic-

ularly important for 64-bit guests (see chapter 3.1.2, 64-bit guests, page 47). It is therefore

recommended to always set it to the correct value.

3. On the next page, select the memory (RAM) that VirtualBox should allocate every time

the virtual machine is started. The amount of memory given here will be taken away from

your host machine and presented to the guest operating system, which will report this size

as the (virtual) computer’s installed RAM.

Note: Choose this setting carefully! The memory you give to the VM will not be

available to your host OS while the VM is running, so do not specify more than you can

spare. For example, if your host machine has 1 GB of RAM and you enter 512 MB as

the amount of RAM for a particular virtual machine, while that VM is running, you will

only have 512 MB left for all the other software on your host. If you run two VMs at

the same time, even more memory will be allocated for the second VM (which may not

even be able to start if that memory is not available). On the other hand, you should

specify as much as your guest OS (and your applications) will require to run properly.

A Windows XP guest will require at least a few hundred MB RAM to run properly, and

Windows Vista will even refuse to install with less than 512 MB. Of course, if you want to

run graphics-intensive applications in your VM, you may require even more RAM.

So, as a rule of thumb, if you have 1 GB of RAM or more in your host computer, it is usually

safe to allocate 512 MB to each VM. But, in any case, make sure you always have at least

256 to 512 MB of RAM left on your host operating system. Otherwise you may cause your

host OS to excessively swap out memory to your hard disk, effectively bringing your host

system to a standstill.

As with the other settings, you can change this setting later, after you have created the VM.

4. Next, you must specify a virtual hard disk for your VM.

There are many and potentially complicated ways in which VirtualBox can provide hard

disk space to a VM (see chapter 5, Virtual storage, page 82 for details), but the most

common way is to use a large image ﬁle on your “real” hard disk, whose contents VirtualBox

presents to your VM as if it were a complete hard disk. This ﬁle represents an entire hard

disk then, so you can even copy it to another host and use it with another VirtualBox

installation.

The wizard shows you the following window:

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