IEEE Std C37.111-1999: COMTRADE - 电力系统瞬态数据交换标准

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"IEC 60255-24:2001 电力系统瞬态数据交换的通用格式（COMTRADE）英文原版" COMTRADE，全称是Common Format for Transient Data Exchange，是一种国际电工委员会（IEC）制定的标准，用于电力系统中瞬态数据的交换。这个标准定义了电力系统中不同类型的故障、测试或仿真数据在不同设备之间交换时的通用数据格式。它由IEEE Power Systems Relay Committee发起并批准，旨在促进电力行业的标准化和数据共享。 IEC 60255-24:2001标准详细规定了如何存储和传输电力系统瞬态事件的数据，这些数据包括但不限于保护设备的动作记录、故障分析、系统稳定性研究等。标准的目的是确保不同制造商的设备和软件能够有效地处理和解析这些数据，从而提高故障诊断和系统分析的效率。该标准中涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **数据格式**：COMTRADE定义了一种标准的数据结构，包括时间序列数据、采样率、数据类型、通道标识等，确保所有参与交换的数据都能被一致地理解和处理。 2. **采样率**：标准讨论了瞬态数据的采样率问题，这是至关重要的，因为不同的系统可能有不同的采样速率要求。采样率的选择直接影响到数据的质量和分析的精度。 3. **滤波器**：在数据采集过程中，可能会使用数字或模拟滤波器来去除噪声或改善信号质量。COMTRADE标准对滤波器的使用和表示方法进行了规范。 4. **样本率转换**：当不同系统之间的采样率不匹配时，需要进行样本率转换。标准提供了转换方法，以确保数据在转换过程中的准确性和完整性。 5. **交换介质**：标准推荐磁盘ette作为数据交换的媒介，但随着技术的发展，现在可能还包括网络传输和其他数字化存储方式。 6. **版权与许可**：文件中提及的版权信息强调了未经出版商事先书面许可，不得复制或在电子检索系统中使用该标准的部分或全部内容。 7. **应用范围**：COMTRADE标准适用于电力系统的各个层面，从发电厂、变电站到输电线路，以及各种电力设备的保护和控制装置。通过遵循IEC 60255-24:2001标准，电力工程师可以确保在跨组织、跨系统的工作中，瞬态数据的交换是可靠和一致的，这对于故障分析、系统优化和故障预防具有重要意义。此外，该标准还促进了不同厂商之间的互操作性，降低了由于数据格式不兼容而产生的问题。

IEEE

Std C37.111-1999 IEEE STANDARD COMMON FORMAT FOR

more than one byte, may be represented by a letter, number, or symbol (e.g., ÒA,Ó Ò3,Ó or Ò+Ó). There are

three general classes of Þles used on computer systems: executable Þles, text Þles, and data Þles. The use of

the Þle determines the category.

2.1.1 Executable Þles

Executable Þles contain a sequence of instructions suitable for processing by a computer. Computer pro-

grams are stored as executable Þles (.EXE). COMTRADE does not deÞne executable Þles.

2.1.2 Text Þles

Text Þles imply data in human-readable form. A text Þle may be used for control of a computer program if

the format is rigidly speciÞed. COMTRADE text Þles use the character representation speciÞed in

ANSI X3.4-1986 [B1].

This is often called ÒASCII formatÓ or ÒText (.TXT) formatÓ by word processor

programs.

COMTRADE deÞnes one freeform ASCII text Þle intended for strictly human interpretation, the Header

Þle. COMTRADE also deÞnes three Þles in which the format is rigidly controlled and which are both

human- and computer-readableÑthe ConÞguration Þle and the Information Þle, and the ASCII form of the

Data Þle.

Most word processors can save text Þles in two or more formats. The text format contains only the characters

actually typed, including punctuation and standard formatting characters such as carriage return/line feed.

Other formats contain special characters speciÞc to the particular word processor being used. The text for-

mat shall be used for the text Þles in a COMTRADE record to eliminate word processor-speciÞc characters

or codes. Programs intended to read COMTRADE Þles only require use of the typed characters that most

word processor programs can read or print.

If no command exists in the word processor to save the Þle in this format, an alternative method is to use the

print functions to print the text to disk to create the Þle.

2.1.3 Data Þles

Data Þles may contain numerical data, text data, or both. The data may be stored in either binary or ASCII

format. Fields within ASCII format data Þles use deÞned text separated by commas, or some other common

delimiter. As such, they are both human- and machine-readable. Most word processors cannot format, read,

or write data Þles in binary form. However, many spreadsheet and data processing programs can read binary

data Þles, if the format is known. Binary numbers must be processed by application-speciÞc software to be

easily interpreted by humans. COMTRADE deÞnes one binary Þle, the binary form of the data Þle. Binary

data are generally used when large amounts of data are to be stored because this uses less storage space

(e.g., three bytes of binary data can represent numbers from 0 to 16 777 215 whereas three bytes of ASCII

data can represent the numbers from 0 to 999). ASCII numbers have the advantage of being interpreted by

humans, and by standard computer hardware and software.

2.2 Critical/non-critical data

Some of the data in the conÞguration Þle are not absolutely necessary for reproduction of the sample data,

and some variables provided for in the conÞguration Þle may not be relevant to a particular application. Such

data may be described as non-critical and may be omitted. An example of such non-critical data is the

recording device channel name. However, the position normally occupied by such variables must be main-

tained in order to maintain the integrity of the Þle. If data are described as non-critical in any clause of this

The numbers in brackets preceded by the letter B correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex F.

IEEE

TRANSIENT DATA EXCHANGE (COMTRADE) FOR POWER SYSTEMS Std C37.111-1999

standard, the position may be left empty and the corresponding data separator retained following the preced-

ing data separator with no intervening characters or spaces. Any data that are necessary for reproduction of

the sample data are termed critical. If such data are missing, the Þle may be unusable.

2.3 Data representations

Data are stored in Þles as series of binary digits or Òbits.Ó Each bit can be either a 1 or a 0. The bits are orga-

nized in groups of eight bits called bytes. When a computer reads the data in a Þle, it reads the data as a

series of bytes.

2.3.1 Binary data

The eight bits in a byte can be organized in 256 different combinations. They can be used, therefore, to rep-

resent the numbers from 0 to 255. If larger numbers are needed, several bytes can be used to represent a sin-

gle number. For example, 2 bytes (16 bits) can represent the numbers from 0 to 65 535. When the bytes are

interpreted in this fashion, they are known as binary data. Several different formats are in common use for

storage of numeric data in binary form.

2.3.2 ASCII data

As an alternative to a byte representing the numbers 0 to 255, a byte can be used to represent 255 different

symbols. ASCII is a standard code of symbols that match 127 of the combinations of eight binary bits. For

example, the byte 01000001 represents an uppercase ÒAÓ while 01100001 represents a lowercase Òa.Ó With

127 different combinations, it is possible to represent all of the keys on the keyboard plus many other special

symbols. The remainder of the 256 combinations available from an eight-bit format are used for drawing and

other special application characters. To represent a number in ASCII format requires one byte for each digit

of the number.

2.4 Data Þeld delimiters and lengths

Data Þelds within a Þle or within a subset of data in a Þle must be separated from the other data Þelds so that

they may be extracted for reading or manipulation. For instance, written text uses a space as a word delim-

iter. Computer Þles use a variety of delimiters. In the binary form of COMTRADE data Þles, the only delim-

iter is a strict deÞnition of the length and position of each data variable, and a byte count of the position

within the Þle is necessary to determine the limit of any data entry. The ASCII Þles deÞned by COMTRADE

use the comma and the carriage return/line feed as data separators. This permits the use of variable Þeld

lengths, but means that these characters cannot be used within any data entry. Leading spaces or zeroes are

allowed in ASCII numeric Þelds providing the permitted maximum character count is not exceeded.

2.4.1 Carriage return/line feed delimiter <CR/LF>

COMTRADE uses the symbol <CR/LF> to represent a data separator terminating the end of a line or a set of

data. The delimiter is the combination of two ASCII formatting characters:

CR = carriage return takes the cursor or insertion point back to the beginning of the current line.

LF = line feed moves the cursor or insertion point to a new line below the current line.

The symbols Ò<Ó and Ò>Ó surrounding the CR/LF are used to delineate the delimiter from the nearby text

within the standard and are not part of the delimiter. In most present-day computer programming or applica-

tion environments, the two-character combination is automatically generated when the return or ÒENTERÓ

key is pressed.

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