早期Flask框架入门指南：现代Web应用开发

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"Learning Flask Framework" 《Learning Flask Framework》是一本早期关于Flask框架的教程，虽然出版时间较早，但其内容对当前的Flask框架学习和开发仍然具有指导价值。这本书由Matt Copperwaite和Charles Leifer撰写，旨在帮助读者构建动态、数据驱动的网站和现代Web应用。Flask是一个轻量级的Python Web框架，它以其模块化和灵活性而受到开发者喜爱。在书中，作者深入浅出地讲解了Flask的基础知识，包括但不限于： 1. **Flask安装与设置**：介绍如何在开发环境中安装Flask，以及如何设置基本的项目结构。 2. **路由与视图**：讲解如何使用Flask的路由系统来定义URL和对应的处理函数（视图），以及如何处理HTTP请求方法（GET、POST等）。 3. **模板引擎**：介绍如何使用Jinja2模板引擎来创建动态HTML页面，包括变量注入、控制结构和过滤器。 4. **表单处理**：讲解如何使用Flask-WTF扩展来处理用户提交的表单数据，实现验证和交互。 5. **数据库集成**：介绍如何使用SQLAlchemy作为ORM（对象关系映射），连接和操作数据库，以及Flask-SQLAlchemy扩展的使用。 6. **错误处理与日志记录**：讨论如何处理HTTP错误，以及设置日志记录以追踪应用程序的状态和错误。 7. **用户认证与会话管理**：探讨如何实现用户登录、注册功能，以及使用session管理用户状态。 8. **部署与扩展**：介绍如何将Flask应用部署到生产环境，以及如何利用Flask的扩展机制增加功能，如邮件发送、任务队列等。 9. **RESTful API设计**：讲解如何遵循REST原则设计API接口，以实现可复用和可扩展的Web服务。 10. **测试与调试**：介绍单元测试和集成测试的基本概念，以及如何使用Flask测试客户端进行应用测试。此外，书中还可能涵盖了Web安全实践、性能优化、社区和资源推荐等方面，旨在帮助初学者快速掌握Flask框架，并能应对实际开发中的各种挑战。尽管书中的某些技术细节可能会随着时间的推移而更新，但核心概念和设计模式对于理解Flask的运作原理和Web开发流程仍然非常有价值。

[ vii ]

Preface

Welcome to Learning Flask, the book that will teach you the necessary skills to

build web applications with Flask, a lightweight Python web framework. This

book takes an example-driven approach that is designed to get you started quickly.

The practical examples are balanced with just the right amount of background

information to ensure that you understand not only the how, but also the why of

Flask development.

Flask was originally released by Armin Ronacher as part of an elaborate April

Fool's Day prank in 2010. The project touted itself as, "The next generation python

micro web-framework," and lampooned features made popular by similar

microframeworks. Although Flask was intended as a prank, the authors were

caught by surprise when many people expressed serious interest in the project.

Flask is a microframework that is built on top of two excellent libraries: the Jinja2

templating engine, and the Werkzeug WSGI toolkit. Despite being a relative

new-comer compared to other frameworks, such as Django, and Pylons, Flask has

garnered a large and loyal following. Flask provides powerful tools for common

web development tasks and encourages a bring-your-own-library approach for

everything else, allowing programmers the exibility to pick and choose the best

components for their application. Every Flask app is different, and as the project's

documentation states, "Flask is Fun".

The Flask microframework represents a departure in terms of design and API from

most other popular Python web frameworks, which has led many developers that

are new to Flask to ask, "What is the right way to build an app?" Flask does not offer

any strong opinions on how we, the developers, should build our app. Instead, it

provides opinions on what you need to build an app. Flask can be thought of as a

collection of objects and functions to deal with common web tasks, such as routing

URLs to code, processing request data, and rendering templates. While the level

of exibility that Flask provides is liberating, it can also lead to confusion and

poor designs.

Preface

[ viii ]

The purpose of this book is to help you see this exibility as opportunity. Over

the course of this book, we will be building and progressively enhancing a Flask-

powered blogging site. New concepts will be introduced through the addition of

new features to the site. By the end of the book, we will have created a fully-featured

website, and you will have a strong working knowledge of Flask and the ecosystem

of its commonly-used extensions and libraries.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Creating Your First Flask Application, begins with the bold declaration,

"Flask is fun", which is one of the rst things that you see when you view the ofcial

Flask documentation, and in this chapter, you will get to grips with why so many

Python developers agree.

Chapter 2, Relational Databases with SQLAlchemy, says that relational databases are

the bedrock upon which almost all modern web applications are built. We will use

SQLAlchemy, a powerful object-relational mapper that allows us to abstract away

the complexities of multiple database engines. In this chapter, you will learn about

how the data model that you choose early on will affect almost every facet of the code

that follows.

Chapter 3, Templates and Views, covers two of the most recognizable components of

the framework: the Jinja2 template language, and the URL routing framework. We

will fully immerse ourselves in Flask and see our app nally start to take shape.

As we progress through the chapter, our app will start looking like a proper website.

Chapter 4, Forms and Validation, shows you how to use forms to modify content on

your blog directly through the site handled by the popular WTForms library. This

is a fun chapter because we will add all sorts of new ways to interact with our site.

We will create forms to work with our data models and learn how to receive and

validate user data.

Chapter 5, Authenticating Users, explains how you can add user authentication to

your site. Being able to distinguish one user from another allows us to develop an

entirely new class of features. For instance, we will see how to restrict access to the

create, edit, and delete views, preventing anonymous users from tampering with

site content. We can also display a user's draft posts to them but hide them from

everyone else.

Preface

[ ix ]

Chapter 6, Building an Administrative Dashboard, shows you how you can build an

administrative dashboard for your site, using the excellent Flask-Admin. Our admin

dashboard will give certain selected users the ability to manage all the content across

the entire site. In essence, the admin site will be a graphical frontend for the database,

supporting operations to create, edit, and delete rows in our application's tables.

Chapter 7, AJAX and RESTful APIs, uses Flask-Restless to create a RESTful API

for the blogging app. A RESTful API is a powerful way of accessing your app

programmatically by providing highly-structured data to represent it. Flask-Restless

works very well with our SQLAlchemy models, and it also handles complex tasks,

such as serialization, and result ltering.

Chapter 8, Testing Flask Apps, covers how you can write unit tests covering all parts

of the blogging app. We will utilize Flask's test client to simulate "live" requests. We

will also see how the Mock library can simplify testing complex interactions, such as

calling third-party services, such as databases.

Chapter 9, Excellent Extensions, teaches you how to enhance your Flask installation

with popular third-party extensions. We used extensions throughout the book, but

we can now explore the added extra security or functionality with very little effort

and can polish off your app nicely.

Chapter 10, Deploying Your Application, teaches you how to deploy your Flask

applications securely and in an automated, repeatable manner. We will look at how

to congure the commonly-used WSGI capable servers, such as Apache and Nginx,

as well as the Python web server Gunicorn, to give you plenty of options. Then, we

will see how to secure part or the entire site using SSL before nally wrapping up

our application in a conguration management tool to automate our deployment.

What you need for this book

While Python is at home on most operating systems, and we have tried to keep

an operating system-agnostic approach within the book, it is advisable to use a

computer running a Linux distribution or OS X when working with this book,

as Python is already installed and running. The Linux distribution can be either

installed on the machine or within a virtual machine. Almost any Linux distribution

will do, and any recent version of Ubuntu will be ne.

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早期Flask框架入门指南：现代Web应用开发

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运行后：Unable to find image 'my_flask_app:latest' locally docker: Error response from daemon: pull access denied for my_flask_app, repository does not exist or may require 'docker login': denied: requested access to the resource is denied. See 'docker run --help'.

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Usage: flask db init [OPTIONS] Try 'flask db init --help' for help. Error: Could not import '02_flask'.

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