Python编程速成指南：实战项目解析

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"Python Crash Course" 是一本由 Eric Matthes 编著的Python入门电子书，欢迎下载，但需支持正版。这本书的版权受到保护，未经许可不得复制或传播。书的内容涵盖了Python的基础和项目实践，适合初学者使用。出版商是 No Starch Press，由 William Pollock 出版，并有多个团队成员参与了编辑、设计和技术审阅工作。本书的目的是为读者提供一个动手实践、基于项目的Python编程入门指南。作者Eric Matthes，生于1972年，通过这本书引导读者快速掌握Python编程基础。内容可能包括变量、数据类型、控制结构、函数、列表、字典等基础知识，同时通过实际项目帮助读者巩固所学，如创建游戏、数据分析或者网页爬虫等。 "Python Crash Course" 非常注重实践，鼓励读者边学边练，这种学习方式对于理解和应用新知识尤其有效。技术审阅者Kenneth Love的专业审查确保了书中所教授的编程概念和技术的准确性。此外，该书还经过了细致的编辑和校对工作，以保证内容的清晰和无误。在学习这本书时，读者可以期待逐步深入Python的世界，从基本语法到更高级的概念，如类和对象，以及错误处理和模块化编程。每个章节可能都包含小练习和项目，让读者有机会直接应用新学的知识，从而增强理解和记忆。为了获得最佳学习效果，读者应按照书中的步骤操作，并积极完成每个项目。同时，遇到问题时可以参考Python社区的资源，或者查阅相关文档，以便更好地理解和解决问题。此外，由于这本书是英文版，对英语有一定的阅读要求，但这也是提升语言能力的好机会。 "Python Crash Course" 是一本适合初学者的Python编程教程，它通过实践导向的教学方法，旨在帮助读者迅速建立起编程思维，掌握Python编程技能，开启编程之旅。

Contents in Detail xix

Installing Pygame on OS X .................................... 239

Installing Pygame on Windows................................. 240

Starting the Game Project ........................................... 240

Creating a Pygame Window and Responding to User Input ............. 241

Setting the Background Color .................................. 242

Creating a Settings Class ..................................... 243

Adding the Ship Image............................................. 244

Creating the Ship Class ...................................... 245

Drawing the Ship to the Screen................................. 246

Refactoring: the game_functions Module................................. 247

The check_events() Function ................................... 247

The update_screen() Function .................................. 248

Exercise 12-1: Blue Sky ...................................... 249

Exercise 12-2: Game Character ................................ 249

Piloting the Ship.................................................. 249

Responding to a Keypress .................................... 249

Allowing Continuous Movement ................................ 250

Moving Both Left and Right.................................... 252

Adjusting the Ship’s Speed.................................... 253

Limiting the Ship’s Range ..................................... 255

Refactoring check_events() .................................... 255

A Quick Recap .................................................. 256

alien_invasion.py .......................................... 256

settings.py ............................................... 256

game_functions.py ......................................... 256

ship.py ................................................. 257

Exercise 12-3: Rocket ....................................... 257

Exercise 12-4: Keys......................................... 257

Shooting Bullets .................................................. 257

Adding the Bullet Settings..................................... 257

Creating the Bullet Class ..................................... 258

Storing Bullets in a Group .................................... 259

Firing Bullets.............................................. 260

Deleting Old Bullets......................................... 261

Limiting the Number of Bullets.................................. 262

Creating the update_bullets() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Creating the fire_bullet() Function ............................... 264

Exercise 12-5: Sideways Shooter ............................... 264

Summary ...................................................... 264

ALIENS! 265

Reviewing Your Project ............................................ 266

Creating the First Alien ............................................. 266

Creating the Alien Class ..................................... 267

Creating an Instance of the Alien ............................... 268

Making the Alien Appear Onscreen ............................. 268

Building the Alien Fleet ............................................. 269

Determining How Many Aliens Fit in a Row ........................ 269

Creating Rows of Aliens...................................... 270

Creating the Fleet .......................................... 271

xx Contents in Detail

Refactoring create_fleet() ..................................... 273

Adding Rows ............................................. 273

Exercise 13-1: Stars......................................... 276

Exercise 13-2: Better Stars .................................... 276

Making the Fleet Move ............................................. 276

Moving the Aliens Right ...................................... 276

Creating Settings for Fleet Direction.............................. 277

Checking to See Whether an Alien Has Hit the Edge.................. 278

Dropping the Fleet and Changing Direction ........................ 278

Exercise 13-3: Raindrops ..................................... 279

Exercise 13-4: Steady Rain.................................... 279

Shooting Aliens .................................................. 280

Detecting Bullet Collisions..................................... 280

Making Larger Bullets for Testing................................ 281

Repopulating the Fleet ....................................... 282

Speeding Up the Bullets ...................................... 283

Refactoring update_bullets() ................................... 283

Exercise 13-5: Catch ........................................ 284

Ending the Game................................................. 284

Detecting Alien-Ship Collisions ................................. 284

Responding to Alien-Ship Collisions.............................. 285

Aliens that Reach the Bottom of the Screen ......................... 288

Game Over!.............................................. 288

Identifying When Parts of the Game Should Run ........................... 289

Exercise 13-6: Game Over.................................... 290

Summary ...................................................... 290

SCORING 291

Adding the Play Button ............................................. 292

Creating a Button Class ...................................... 292

Drawing the Button to the Screen ............................... 294

Starting the Game.......................................... 295

Resetting the Game ......................................... 296

Deactivating the Play Button ................................... 297

Hiding the Mouse Cursor ..................................... 298

Exercise 14-1: Press P to Play .................................. 298

Exercise 14-2: Target Practice.................................. 298

Leveling Up ..................................................... 299

Modifying the Speed Settings .................................. 299

Resetting the Speed ......................................... 300

Exercise 14-3: Challenging Target Practice......................... 301

Scoring........................................................ 301

Displaying the Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Making a Scoreboard ....................................... 303

Updating the Score as Aliens Are Shot Down ....................... 304

Making Sure to Score All Hits .................................. 305

Increasing Point Values ...................................... 306

Rounding the Score ......................................... 307

High Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Contents in Detail xxi

Displaying the Level......................................... 310

Displaying the Number of Ships ................................ 313

Exercise 14-4: All-Time High Score .............................. 317

Exercise 14-5: Refactoring .................................... 317

Exercise 14-6: Expanding Alien Invasion .......................... 317

Summary ...................................................... 317

PROJECT 2: DATA VISUALIZATION

GENERATING DATA 321

Installing matplotlib ............................................... 322

On Linux ................................................ 322

On OS X ................................................ 322

On Windows ............................................. 323

Testing matplotlib .......................................... 323

The matplotlib Gallery ....................................... 323

Plotting a Simple Line Graph ......................................... 324

Changing the Label Type and Graph Thickness ..................... 324

Correcting the Plot.......................................... 326

Plotting and Styling Individual Points with scatter().................... 326

Plotting a Series of Points with scatter()............................ 328

Calculating Data Automatically................................. 328

Removing Outlines from Data Points ............................. 329

Defining Custom Colors ...................................... 330

Using a Colormap.......................................... 330

Saving Your Plots Automatically ................................ 331

Exercise 15-1: Cubes........................................ 331

Exercise 15-2: Colored Cubes ................................. 331

Random Walks .................................................. 331

Creating the RandomWalk() Class............................... 332

Choosing Directions ........................................ 332

Plotting the Random Walk .................................... 333

Generating Multiple Random Walks ............................. 334

Styling the Walk ........................................... 335

Coloring the Points ......................................... 335

Plotting the Starting and Ending Points ............................ 336

Cleaning Up the Axes ....................................... 337

Adding Plot Points .......................................... 337

Altering the Size to Fill the Screen ............................... 338

Exercise 15-3: Molecular Motion ............................... 339

Exercise 15-4: Modiﬁed Random Walks .......................... 339

Exercise 15-5: Refactoring .................................... 339

Rolling Dice with Pygal ............................................. 339

Installing Pygal ............................................ 340

The Pygal Gallery .......................................... 340

Creating the Die Class....................................... 340

Rolling the Die ............................................ 341

Analyzing the Results........................................ 341

xxii Contents in Detail

Making a Histogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Rolling Two Dice........................................... 343

Rolling Dice of Different Sizes.................................. 345

Exercise 15-6: Automatic Labels ................................ 346

Exercise 15-7: Two D8s ...................................... 346

Exercise 15-8: Three Dice .................................... 346

Exercise 15-9: Multiplication .................................. 346

Exercise 15-10: Practicing with Both Libraries....................... 346

Summary ...................................................... 347

DOWNLOADING DATA 349

The CSV File Format ............................................... 350

Parsing the CSV File Headers .................................. 350

Printing the Headers and Their Positions........................... 351

Extracting and Reading Data .................................. 352

Plotting Data in a Temperature Chart............................. 353

The datetime Module........................................ 354

Plotting Dates ............................................. 355

Plotting a Longer Timeframe ................................... 356

Plotting a Second Data Series.................................. 357

Shading an Area in the Chart.................................. 358

Error-Checking ............................................ 359

Exercise 16-1: San Francisco .................................. 362

Exercise 16-2: Sitka-Death Valley Comparison ...................... 362

Exercise 16-3: Rainfall....................................... 362

Exercise 16-4: Explore....................................... 362

Mapping Global Data Sets: JSON Format................................ 362

Downloading World Population Data ............................ 362

Extracting Relevant Data ..................................... 363

Converting Strings into Numerical Values.......................... 364

Obtaining Two-Digit Country Codes ............................. 365

Building a World Map....................................... 367

Plotting Numerical Data on a World Map ......................... 368

Plotting a Complete Population Map ............................. 369

Grouping Countries by Population............................... 371

Styling World Maps in Pygal .................................. 372

Lightening the Color Theme ................................... 374

Exercise 16-5: All Countries ................................... 375

Exercise 16-6: Gross Domestic Product ........................... 375

Exercise 16-7: Choose Your Own Data ........................... 375

Exercise 16-8: Testing the country_codes Module .................... 375

Summary ...................................................... 375

WORKING WITH APIS 377

Using a Web API................................................. 378

Git and GitHub............................................ 378

Requesting Data Using an API Call .............................. 378

Installing Requests .......................................... 379

Contents in Detail xxiii

Processing an API Response ................................... 379

Working with the Response Dictionary............................ 380

Summarizing the Top Repositories............................... 382

Monitoring API Rate Limits .................................... 383

Visualizing Repositories Using Pygal.................................... 384

Refining Pygal Charts ....................................... 386

Adding Custom Tooltips...................................... 387

Plotting the Data ........................................... 388

Adding Clickable Links to Our Graph ............................ 390

The Hacker News API.............................................. 390

Exercise 17-1: Other Languages ................................ 393

Exercise 17-2: Active Discussions ............................... 393

Exercise 17-3: Testing python_repos.py ........................... 393

Summary ...................................................... 393

PROJECT 3: WEB APPLICATIONS

GETTING STARTED WITH DJANGO 397

Setting Up a Project ............................................... 398

Writing a Spec ............................................ 398

Creating a Virtual Environment ................................. 398

Installing virtualenv ......................................... 399

Activating the Virtual Environment ............................... 399

Installing Django........................................... 400

Creating a Project in Django .................................. 400

Creating the Database....................................... 401

Viewing the Project ......................................... 401

Exercise 18-1: New Projects................................... 402

Starting an App .................................................. 403

Defining Models ........................................... 403

Activating Models .......................................... 404

The Django Admin Site ...................................... 406

Defining the Entry Model ..................................... 408

Migrating the Entry Model .................................... 409

Registering Entry with the Admin Site............................. 409

The Django Shell........................................... 410

Exercise 18-2: Short Entries ................................... 412

Exercise 18-3: The Django API ................................. 412

Exercise 18-4: Pizzeria ...................................... 412

Making Pages: The Learning Log Home Page ............................. 412

Mapping a URL ........................................... 413

Writing a View............................................ 414

Writing a Template ......................................... 415

Exercise 18-5: Meal Planner................................... 416

Exercise 18-6: Pizzeria Home Page.............................. 416

Building Additional Pages ........................................... 416

Template Inheritance ........................................ 416

The Topics Page ........................................... 418

Individual Topic Pages....................................... 421

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