IEEE802.11标准详解：无线局域网介质访问控制（MAC）与物理层（PHY）规范

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"IEEE802.11标准是无线局域网（Wireless LAN）介质访问控制（MAC）和物理层（PHY）规范的英文原版文档，由国际标准化组织ISO/IEC于1999年发布，同时也被美国国家标准协会ANSI采纳。这个标准详细定义了无线局域网在MAC层和PHY层的技术要求，是无线通信领域的基础性文件，对于理解和实施无线网络技术至关重要。" 《IEEE802.11无线LAN介质访问控制（MAC）和物理层（PHY）规格》是信息技术领域的一个重要标准，它由IEEE计算机学会的局域网与城域网标准委员会（LAN/MAN Standards Committee）赞助制定。该标准涵盖了无线局域网通信的核心技术，包括数据传输、信道接入、信号调制解调以及错误检测与纠正等方面。在MAC层，802.11协议定义了如何在多个设备之间共享无线介质，避免冲突并确保数据有效传输。它采用了载波监听多路访问/冲突避免（CSMA/CA）机制，不同于有线局域网中的载波监听多路访问/冲突检测（CSMA/CD）。此外，还包括了帧结构、确认机制、漫游和安全特性等。在PHY层，802.11规定了无线信号的物理编码方式，如调频、调幅或调相，以及不同的传输速率。这些速率根据不同的无线标准（如802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax等）有所不同，从最初的11Mbps到后来的几百Mbps甚至超过1Gbps。PHY层还涉及射频（RF）技术和信道带宽的选择，以适应不同的环境和需求。 IEEE标准的制定是一个开放过程，由志愿成员参与，他们可能来自IEEE内部或外部的相关领域。采用IEEE标准是自愿的，但这些标准反映了业界的共识，并为产品开发、测试和认证提供了参考框架。 802.11标准的发展不断演进，以应对更高的数据速率需求、增强的可靠性和安全性挑战。例如，802.11n引入了MIMO（多输入多输出）技术，显著提升了传输速度；802.11ac引入了5GHz频段和更宽的信道，进一步提高了性能；而802.11ax（也称为Wi-Fi 6）则优化了密集部署环境下的效率和用户体验。了解和掌握IEEE802.11标准对于网络工程师、无线通信研究人员、产品开发者以及网络管理人员来说都是必不可少的知识，它为无线局域网的设计、实现和维护提供了理论基础和实践指导。

Information technology—

Telecommunications and information exchange

between systems—

Local and metropolitan area networks—

Speciﬁc requirements—

Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access

Control (MAC) and Physical Layer

(PHY) speciﬁcations

1. Overview

1.1 Scope

The scope of this standard is to develop a medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) speciﬁca-

tion for wireless connectivity for ﬁxed, portable, and moving stations within a local area.

1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to provide wireless connectivity to automatic machinery, equipment, or sta-

tions that require rapid deployment, which may be portable or hand-held, or which may be mounted on mov-

ing vehicles within a local area. This standard also offers regulatory bodies a means of standardizing access

to one or more frequency bands for the purpose of local area communication.

Speciﬁcally, this standard

— Describes the functions and services required by an IEEE 802.11 compliant device to operate within

ad hoc and infrastructure networks as well as the aspects of station mobility (transition) within those

networks.

— Deﬁnes the MAC procedures to support the asynchronous MAC service data unit (MSDU) delivery

services.

— Deﬁnes several PHY signaling techniques and interface functions that are controlled by the IEEE

802.11 MAC.

— Permits the operation of an IEEE 802.11 conformant device within a wireless local area network

(LAN) that may coexist with multiple overlapping IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs.

— Describes the requirements and procedures to provide privacy of user information being transferred

over the wireless medium (WM) and authentication of IEEE 802.11 conformant devices.

ISO/IEC 8802-11: 1999(E)

ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition LOCAL AND METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS: WIRELESS LAN

2. Normative references

The following standards contain provisions which, through references in this text, constitute provisions of

this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revi-

sion, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of apply-

ing the most recent editions of the standards listed below.

IEEE Std 802-1990, IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architec-

ture.

IEEE Std C95.1-1991 (Reaff 1997), IEEE Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to

Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.

ISO/IEC 7498-1: 1994, Information technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Basic Reference Model:

The Basic Model.

ISO/IEC 8802-2: 1998, Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between

systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Speciﬁc requirements—Part 2: Logical link control.

ISO/IEC 8824-1: 1995, Information technology—Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Speciﬁcation of

basic notation.

ISO/IEC 8824-2: 1995, Information technology—Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Information

object speciﬁcation.

ISO/IEC 8824-3: 1995, Information technology—Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Constraint speci-

ﬁcation.

ISO/IEC 8824-4: 1995, Information technology—Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Parameterization

of ASN.1 speciﬁcations.

ISO/IEC 8825-1: 1995, Information technology—ASN.1 encoding rules: Speciﬁcation of Basic Encoding

Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER).

ISO/IEC 8825-2: 1996, Information technology—ASN.1 encoding rules: Speciﬁcation of Packed Encoding

Rules (PER).

ISO/IEC 15802-1: 1995, Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between

systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Common speciﬁcations—Part 1: Medium Access Control

(MAC) service deﬁnition.

ITU Radio Regulations, volumes 1–4.

ITU-T Recommendation X.210 (11/93), Information technology—Open systems interconnection—Basic

Reference Model: Conventions for the deﬁnition of OSI services (

common text with ISO/IEC

ITU-T Recommendation Z.100 (03/93), CCITT speciﬁcation and description language (SDL).

ITU-T Recommendation Z.105 (03/95), SDL combined with ASN.1 (SDL/ASN.1).

IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway,

NJ 08855-1331, USA (http://www.standards.ieee.org/).

ISO and ISO/IEC publications are available from the ISO Central Secretariat, Case Postale 56, 1 rue de Varembé, CH-1211, Genève

20, Switzerland/Suisse (http://www.iso.ch/). They are also available in the United States from the Sales Department, American National

Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http://www.ansi.org/).

ITU-T publications are available from the International Telecommunications Union, Place des Nations, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzer-

land/Suisse (http://www.itu.int/). They are also available in the United States from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology

Administration, National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springﬁeld, VA 22161, USA.

ISO/IEC 8802-11: 1999(E)

MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) AND PHYSICAL (PHY) SPECIFICATIONS ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition

3. Deﬁnitions

3.1 access control:

The prevention of unauthorized usage of resources.

3.2 access point (AP):

Any entity that has station functionality and provides access to the distribution ser-

vices, via the wireless medium (WM) for associated stations.

3.3 ad hoc network:

A network composed solely of stations within mutual communication range of each

other via the wireless medium (WM). An ad hoc network is typically created in a spontaneous manner. The

principal distinguishing characteristic of an ad hoc network is its limited temporal and spatial extent. These

limitations allow the act of creating and dissolving the ad hoc network to be sufﬁciently straightforward and

convenient so as to be achievable by nontechnical users of the network facilities; i.e., no specialized “techni-

cal skills” are required and little or no investment of time or additional resources is required beyond the sta-

tions that are to participate in the ad hoc network. The term

ad hoc

is often used as slang to refer to an

independent basic service set (IBSS).

3.4 association:

The service used to establish access point/station (AP/STA) mapping and enable STA invo-

cation of the distribution system services (DSSs).

3.5 authentication:

The service used to establish the identity of one station as a member of the set of sta-

tions authorized to associate with another station.

3.6 basic service area (BSA):

The conceptual area within which members of a basic service set (BSS) may

communicate.

3.7 basic service set (BSS):

A set of stations controlled by a single coordination function.

3.8 basic service set (BSS) basic rate set:

The set of data transfer rates that all the stations in a BSS will be

capable of using to receive frames from the wireless medium (WM). The BSS basic rate set data rates are

preset for all stations in the BSS.

3.9 broadcast address:

A unique multicast address that speciﬁes all stations.

3.10 channel:

An instance of medium use for the purpose of passing protocol data units (PDUs) that may be

used simultaneously, in the same volume of space, with other instances of medium use (on other channels)

by other instances of the same physical layer (PHY), with an acceptably low frame error ratio due to mutual

interference. Some PHYs provide only one channel, whereas others provide multiple channels. Examples of

channel types are as shown in the following table:

3.11 clear channel assessment (CCA) function:

That logical function in the physical layer (PHY) that

determines the current state of use of the wireless medium (WM).

3.12 conﬁdentiality:

The property of information that is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized

individuals, entities, or processes.

Single channel n-channel

Narrowband radio-frequency (RF) channel Frequency division multiplexed channels

Baseband infrared Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) with code divi-

sion multiple access

ISO/IEC 8802-11: 1999(E)

ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition LOCAL AND METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS: WIRELESS LAN

3.13 coordination function:

The logical function that determines when a station operating within a basic

service set (BSS) is permitted to transmit and may be able to receive protocol data units (PDUs) via the wire-

less medium (WM). The coordination function within a BSS may have one point coordination function

(PCF) and will have one distributed coordination function (DCF).

3.14 coordination function pollable:

A station able to (1) respond to a coordination function poll with a

data frame, if such a frame is queued and able to be generated, and (2) interpret acknowledgments in frames

sent to or from the point coordinator.

3.15 deauthentication:

The service that voids an existing authentication relationship.

3.16 directed address:

See:

unicast frame

3.17 disassociation:

The service that removes an existing association.

3.18 distributed coordination function (DCF):

A class of coordination function where the same coordination

function logic is active in every station in the basic service set (BSS) whenever the network is in operation.

3.19 distribution:

The service that, by using association information, delivers medium access control

(MAC) service data units (MSDUs) within the distribution system (DS).

3.20 distribution system (DS):

A system used to interconnect a set of basic service sets (BSSs) and inte-

grated local area networks (LANs) to create an extended service set (ESS).

3.21 distribution system medium (DSM):

The medium or set of media used by a distribution system (DS)

for communications between access points (APs) and portals of an extended service set (ESS).

3.22 distribution system service (DSS):

The set of services provided by the distribution system (DS) that

enable the medium access control (MAC) to transport MAC service data units (MSDUs) between stations

that are not in direct communication with each other over a single instance of the wireless medium (WM).

These services include transport of MSDUs between the access points (APs) of basic service sets (BSSs)

within an extended service set (ESS), transport of MSDUs between portals and BSSs within an ESS, and

transport of MSDUs between stations in the same BSS in cases where the MSDU has a multicast or broad-

cast destination address or where the destination is an individual address, but the station sending the MSDU

chooses to involve DSS. DSSs are provided between pairs of IEEE 802.11 MACs.

3.23 extended rate set (ERS):

The set of data transfer rates supported by a station (if any) beyond the

extended service set (ESS) basic rate set. This set may include data transfer rates that will be deﬁned in

future physical layer (PHY) standards.

3.24 extended service area (ESA):

The conceptual area within which members of an extended service set

(ESS) may communicate. An ESA is larger than or equal to a basic service area (BSA) and may involve sev-

eral basic service sets (BSSs) in overlapping, disjointed, or both conﬁgurations.

3.25 extended service set (ESS):

A set of one or more interconnected basic service sets (BSSs) and inte-

grated local area networks (LANs) that appears as a single BSS to the logical link control layer at any station

associated with one of those BSSs.

3.26 Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK):

A modulation scheme in which the data is ﬁrst ﬁltered by a

Gaussian ﬁlter in the baseband and then modulated with a simple frequency modulation.

3.27 independent basic service set (IBSS):

A BSS that forms a self-contained network, and in which no

access to a distribution system (DS) is available.

ISO/IEC 8802-11: 1999(E)

MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) AND PHYSICAL (PHY) SPECIFICATIONS ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition

3.28 infrastructure:

The infrastructure includes the distribution system medium (DSM), access point (AP),

and portal entities. It is also the logical location of distribution and integration service functions of an

extended service set (ESS). An infrastructure contains one or more APs and zero or more portals in addition

to the distribution system (DS).

3.29 integration:

The service that enables delivery of medium access control (MAC) service data units

(MSDUs) between the distribution system (DS) and an existing, non-IEEE 802.11 local area network (via a

portal).

3.30 medium access control (MAC) management protocol data unit (MMPDU):

The unit of data

exchanged between two peer MAC entities to implement the MAC management protocol.

3.31 medium access control (MAC) protocol data unit (MPDU):

The unit of data exchanged between two

peer MAC entities using the services of the physical layer (PHY).

3.32 medium access control (MAC) service data unit (MSDU):

Information that is delivered as a unit

between MAC service access points (SAPs).

3.33 minimally conformant network:

An IEEE 802.11 network in which two stations in a single basic ser-

vice area (BSA) are conformant with ISO/IEC 8802-11: 1999.

3.34 mobile station:

A type of station that uses network communications while in motion.

3.35 multicast:

A medium access control (MAC) address that has the group bit set. A multicast MAC ser-

vice data unit (MSDU) is one with a multicast destination address. A multicast MAC protocol data unit

(MPDU) or control frame is one with a multicast receiver address.

3.36 network allocation vector (NAV):

An indicator, maintained by each station, of time periods when

transmission onto the wireless medium (WM) will not be initiated by the station whether or not the station’s

clear channel assessment (CCA) function senses that the WM is busy.

3.37 point coordination function (PCF):

A class of possible coordination functions in which the coordina-

tion function logic is active in only one station in a basic service set (BSS) at any given time that the network

is in operation.

3.38 portable station:

A type of station that may be moved from location to location, but that only uses net-

work communications while at a ﬁxed location.

3.39 portal:

The logical point at which medium access control (MAC) service data units (MSDUs) from a

non-IEEE 802.11 local area network (LAN) enter the distribution system (DS) of an extended service set

(ESS).

3.40 privacy:

The service used to prevent the content of messages from being read by other than the

intended recipients.

3.41 reassociation:

The service that enables an established association [between access point (AP) and sta-

tion (STA)] to be transferred from one AP to another (or the same) AP.

3.42 station (STA):

Any device that contains an IEEE 802.11 conformant medium access control (MAC)

and physical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM).

3.43 station basic rate:

A data transfer rate belonging to the extended service set (ESS) basic rate set that is

used by a station for speciﬁc transmissions. The station basic rate may change dynamically as frequently as

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