OAuth 2.0 授权协议详解

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"OAuth 2.0 授权协议草案" OAuth 2.0 是一个授权框架，旨在让第三方应用能够安全地获取对HTTP服务的有限访问权限。这个协议允许在资源所有者的同意下，由第三方应用协调资源所有者与HTTP服务之间的批准交互，或者允许第三方应用代表自身获取访问权限。OAuth 2.0是互联网工程任务组（IETF）的工作文档，遵循BCP78和BCP79的规定，并且作为Internet-Draft发布，意味着它可能会更新、替换或废弃。 OAuth 2.0的核心概念包括以下几个部分： 1. **资源所有者(Resource Owner)**：拥有需要保护的资源的用户，例如社交媒体平台上的个人用户。 2. **客户端(Client)**：请求访问资源所有者资源的第三方应用，例如社交媒体分析工具。 3. **认证服务器(Authorization Server)**：负责验证资源所有者的身份并授权访问权限。 4. **资源服务器(Resource Server)**：存储受保护资源并处理来自客户端的访问令牌以提供资源。 OAuth 2.0 提供了以下授权流程： **授权码 Grant Type**: 这是最常见的授权类型，它涉及四个步骤：(1) 客户端引导资源所有者访问认证服务器；(2) 资源所有者授权；(3) 认证服务器返回授权码给客户端；(4) 客户端用授权码换取访问令牌。 **隐式 Grant Type**: 适用于浏览器中的JavaScript应用，直接在URL中返回访问令牌，但安全性较低。 **密码 Grant Type**: 客户端可以直接使用资源所有者的用户名和密码向认证服务器请求访问令牌，适合高度信任的场景。 **客户端凭证 Grant Type**: 用于客户端本身就可以识别自己的情况，例如API调用，不涉及资源所有者的授权。 OAuth 2.0 协议的安全性和隐私考虑包括： - 使用HTTPS确保通信安全，防止中间人攻击。 - 授权码和访问令牌的有效期限制，降低风险。 - 客户端身份验证以确保只有授权的客户端可以请求访问令牌。 - 通过刷新令牌(Refresh Token)来获取新的访问令牌，允许在不重新授权的情况下更新令牌。 OAuth 2.0 的优势在于它的灵活性和广泛适用性，不仅适用于Web应用，也适用于移动应用和桌面应用。然而，它也存在一些潜在的风险，如令牌泄露可能导致资源被非法访问，因此在设计和实现OAuth 2.0系统时，需要充分考虑安全措施。 OAuth 2.0是现代互联网中不可或缺的一部分，它为开发者提供了一种安全、灵活的方式来访问和共享用户数据，同时保护了用户的隐私和数据安全。在开发过程中，理解并正确实施OAuth 2.0规范至关重要。

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Client registration does not require a direct interaction between the client and the

authorization server. When supported by the authorization server, registration can rely on

other means for establishing trust and obtaining the required client properties (e.g.

redirection URI, client type). For example, registration can be accomplished using a self-

issued or third-party-issued assertion, or by the authorization server performing client

discovery using a trusted channel.

When registering a client, the client developer:

specifies the client type as described in ,

provides its client redirection URIs as described in , and

includes any other information required by the authorization server (e.g.

application name, website, description, logo image, the acceptance of legal

terms).

2.1. Client Types

OAuth defines two client types, based on their ability to authenticate securely with the

authorization server (i.e. ability to maintain the confidentiality of their client credentials):

confidential

Clients capable of maintaining the confidentiality of their credentials (e.g. client

implemented on a secure server with restricted access to the client credentials),

or capable of secure client authentication using other means.

public

Clients incapable of maintaining the confidentiality of their credentials (e.g. clients

executing on the resource owner's device such as an installed native application or

a web browser-based application), and incapable of secure client authentication

via any other mean.

The client type designation is based on the authorization server's definition of secure

authentication and its acceptable exposure levels of client credentials.

This specification has been designed around the following client profiles:

web application

A web application is a confidential client running on a web server. Resource owners

access the client via an HTML user interface rendered in a user-agent on the

resource owner's device. The client credentials as well as any access token issued

to the client are stored on the web server and are not exposed to or accessible by

the resource owner.

user-agent-based application

A user-agent-based application is a public client in which the client code is

downloaded from a web server and executes within a user-agent (e.g. web

browser) on the resource owner's device. Protocol data and credentials are easily

accessible (and often visible) to the resource owner. Since such applications reside

within the user-agent, they can make seamless use of the user-agent capabilities

when requesting authorization.

native application

A native application is a public client installed and executed on the resource

owner's device. Protocol data and credentials are accessible to the resource

owner. It is assumed that any client authentication credentials included in the

application can be extracted. On the other hand, dynamically issued credentials

such access tokens or refresh tokens, can receive an acceptable level of

protection. At a minimum, these credentials are protected from hostile servers

which the application may interact with. On some platform these credentials might

be protected from other applications residing on the same device.

2.2. Client Identifier

The authorization server issues the registered client a client identifier - a unique string

representing the registration information provided by the client. The client identifier is not a

secret, it is exposed to the resource owner, and MUST NOT be used alone for client

authentication.

Section 2.1

Section 3.1.2

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2.3. Client Authentication

If the client type is confidential, the client and authorization server establish a client

authentication method suitable for the security requirements of the authorization server. The

authorization server MAY accept any form of client authentication meeting its security

requirements.

Confidential clients are typically issued (or establish) a set of client credentials used for

authenticating with the authorization server (e.g. password, public/private key pair).

The authorization server SHOULD NOT make assumptions about the client type or accept

the type information provided without establishing trust with the client or its developer. The

authorization server MAY establish a client authentication method with public clients.

However, the authorization server MUST NOT rely on public client authentication for the

purpose of identifying the client.

The client MUST NOT use more than one authentication method in each request.

2.3.1. Client Password

Clients in possession of a client password MAY use the HTTP Basic authentication scheme as

defined in to authenticate with the authorization server. The client identifier is

used as the username, and the client password is used as the password.

For example (extra line breaks are for display purposes only):

Authorization: Basic czZCaGRSa3F0MzpnWDFmQmF0M2JW

Alternatively, the authorization server MAY allow including the client credentials in the request

body using the following parameters:

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier issued to the client during the registration process

described by .

client_secret

REQUIRED. The client secret. The client MAY omit the parameter if the client secret

is an empty string.

Including the client credentials in the request body using the two parameters is NOT

RECOMMENDED, and should be limited to clients unable to directly utilize the HTTP Basic

authentication scheme (or other password-based HTTP authentication schemes).

For example, requesting to refresh an access token ( ) using the body parameters

(extra line breaks are for display purposes only):

POST /token HTTP/1.1

Host: server.example.com

Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8

grant_type=refresh_token&refresh_token=tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA

&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&client_secret=7Fjfp0ZBr1KtDRbnfVdmIw

The authorization server MUST require the use of a transport-layer security mechanism when

sending requests to the token endpoint, as requests using this authentication method result

in the transmission of clear-text credentials.

[RFC2617]

Section 2.2

Section 6

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