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首页802.11ac标准详解:高频段高速无线通信规格
802.11ac标准,全称为第802.11ac-2013 amendment to IEEE 802.11标准,是无线局域网(Wi-Fi)技术的重要更新,旨在提升在低于6 GHz频段的高数据传输速率。这一标准由IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee推动,旨在满足日益增长的无线网络需求,特别是在本地和城市区域的高速无线通信中。
该标准属于802.11标准体系的一部分,涵盖了无线局域网的介质访问控制(Medium Access Control, MAC)和物理层(Physical Layer, PHY)规范。它是在IEEE 802.11标准系列(包括IEEE 802.11ae、IEEE 802.11aa和IEEE 802.11ad)的基础上进行修订和增强,旨在提供非常高的数据吞吐量,从而支持高清视频流、在线游戏、大数据传输等高带宽应用。
802.11ac通过引入新的技术特性,如多载波捆绑(Multi-Carrier Aggregation, MIMO)和更高的调制解调方式(如256-QAM),显著提高了无线网络的理论最高速率,最高可达到约1.3 Gbps(对于单流)或接近433 Mbps(对于多流)。这些改进使得802.11ac能够支持更大的用户数,同时保持较高的连接速度,尤其在密集的室内环境和多设备连接场景中表现优秀。
此外,802.11ac标准还定义了更广泛的频谱使用策略,包括使用5 GHz频段中的多个非重叠频道,以及利用频谱感知技术来动态调整频谱占用,进一步提升了网络效率。其目标是确保在竞争激烈的无线环境中,所有连接设备都能获得更稳定和高效的无线体验。
802.11ac标准是现代Wi-Fi技术的一个里程碑,不仅提升了无线网络的性能,也促进了物联网(IoT)、智能家居和企业级网络的发展。对于IT专业人士和网络管理员来说,理解和掌握802.11ac规范是优化无线网络设计、部署和故障排除的关键要素。
xiv Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.
8.5.4 DLS Action frame details............................................................................................ 106
8.5.4.2 DLS Request frame format........................................................................ 106
8.5.4.3 DLS Response frame format ..................................................................... 106
8.5.8 Public Action details.................................................................................................... 106
8.5.8.3 Measurement Pilot frame format............................................................... 106
8.5.8.7 Extended Channel Switch Announcement frame format .......................... 107
8.5.8.16 TDLS Discovery Response frame format ................................................. 107
8.5.13 TDLS Action frame details.......................................................................................... 108
8.5.13.2 TDLS Setup Request Action field format ................................................. 108
8.5.13.3 TDLS Setup Response Action field format............................................... 108
8.5.13.4 TDLS Setup Confirm Action field format................................................. 109
8.5.13.7 TDLS Channel Switch Request Action field format ................................. 109
8.5.14 WNM Action fields ..................................................................................................... 110
8.5.14.24 Channel Usage Response frame format..................................................... 110
8.5.16 Self-protected Action frame details............................................................................. 110
8.5.16.2 Mesh Peering Open frame format ............................................................. 110
8.5.16.3 Mesh Peering Confirm frame format......................................................... 111
8.5.23 VHT Action frame details ........................................................................................... 111
8.5.23.1 VHT Action field....................................................................................... 111
8.5.23.2 VHT Compressed Beamforming frame format ......................................... 112
8.5.23.3 Group ID Management frame format........................................................ 112
8.5.23.4 Operating Mode Notification frame format............................................... 113
8.6 Aggregate MPDU (A-MPDU)................................................................................................... 113
8.6.1 A-MPDU format.......................................................................................................... 113
8.6.3 A-MPDU contents ....................................................................................................... 116
9. MAC sublayer functional description................................................................................................... 118
9.2 MAC architecture ...................................................................................................................... 118
9.2.1 General......................................................................................................................... 118
9.2.4 Hybrid coordination function (HCF)........................................................................... 118
9.2.4.1 General....................................................................................................... 118
9.2.4.2 HCF contention-based channel access (EDCA)........................................ 119
9.2.7 Fragmentation/defragmentation overview................................................................... 119
9.3 DCF............................................................................................................................................ 120
9.3.1 General......................................................................................................................... 120
9.3.2 Procedures common to both DCF and EDCAF........................................................... 120
9.3.2.3 IFS ............................................................................................................. 120
9.3.2.5a VHT RTS procedure.................................................................................. 121
9.3.2.6 CTS and DMG CTS procedure ................................................................. 121
9.3.2.7 Dual CTS protection.................................................................................. 122
9.3.2.9a MU acknowledgment procedure ............................................................... 122
9.3.4 DCF access procedure ................................................................................................. 124
9.3.4.4 Recovery procedures and retransmit limits ............................................... 124
9.3.7 DCF timing relations ................................................................................................... 124
9.5 Fragmentation ............................................................................................................................ 124
9.7 Multirate support........................................................................................................................ 125
9.7.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 125
9.7.4 Basic Rate Set and Basic MCS Set for mesh STA ...................................................... 125
9.7.5 Rate selection for data and management frames ......................................................... 125
9.7.5.3 Rate selection for other group addressed data and management frames ... 125
9.7.5.5a Rate selection for data frames sent within an FMS stream ....................... 125
9.7.5.6 Rate selection for other individually addressed
data and management
frames ........................................................................................................ 126
Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. xv
9.7.6 Rate selection for control frames................................................................................. 127
9.7.6.1 General rules for rate selection for control frames .................................... 127
9.7.6.2 Rate selection for control frames that initiate a TXOP ............................. 128
9.7.6.4 Rate selection for control frames that are not control response frames..... 128
9.7.6.5 Rate selection for control response frames................................................ 129
9.7.6.6 Channel Width selection for control frames.............................................. 132
9.7.8 Modulation classes ...................................................................................................... 134
9.7.9 Non-HT basic rate calculation..................................................................................... 135
9.7.10 Channel Width in non-HT and non-HT duplicate PPDUs .......................................... 135
9.7.11 Rate selection constraints for VHT STAs ................................................................... 136
9.7.11.1 Rx Supported VHT-MCS and NSS Set..................................................... 136
9.7.11.2 Tx Supported VHT-MCS and NSS Set ..................................................... 136
9.7.11.3 Additional rate selection constraints for VHT PPDUs.............................. 137
9.9 HT Control field operation ........................................................................................................ 138
9.11 A-MSDU operation.................................................................................................................... 138
9.12 A-MPDU operation.................................................................................................................... 139
9.12.2 A-MPDU length limit rules ......................................................................................... 139
9.12.3 Minimum MPDU Start Spacing field.......................................................................... 140
9.12.4 A-MPDU aggregation of group addressed data frames............................................... 140
9.12.5 Transport of A-MPDU by the PHY data service......................................................... 141
9.12.6 A-MPDU padding for VHT PPDU ............................................................................. 141
9.12.7 Setting the EOF field of the MPDU delimiter............................................................. 142
9.12.8 Transport of VHT single MPDUs ............................................................................... 143
9.15 STBC operation ......................................................................................................................... 143
9.16 Short GI operation ..................................................................................................................... 143
9.17a Group ID and partial AID in VHT PPDUs................................................................................ 145
9.18 Operation across regulatory domains ........................................................................................ 146
9.18.5 Operation with operating classes and the VHT Transmit Power Envelope element
... 146
9.19 HCF............................................................................................................................................ 147
9.19.2 HCF contention-based channel access (EDCA).......................................................... 147
9.19.2.2 EDCA TXOPs ........................................................................................... 147
9.19.2.3 Obtaining an EDCA TXOP ....................................................................... 148
9.19.2.3a Sharing an EDCA TXOP........................................................................... 149
9.19.2.4 Multiple frame transmission in an EDCA TXOP...................................... 149
9.19.2.5 EDCA backoff procedure .......................................................................... 151
9.19.2.6 Retransmit procedures ............................................................................... 153
9.19.2.7 Truncation of a TXOP ............................................................................... 154
9.19.2.8 EDCA channel access in a VHT BSS ....................................................... 154
9.19.3 HCCA .......................................................................................................................... 155
9.19.3.2 HCCA procedure ....................................................................................... 155
9.19.3.5 HCCA transfer rules .................................................................................. 155
9.21 Block Acknowledgment (Block Ack)........................................................................................ 156
9.21.10 GCR Block Ack........................................................................................................... 156
9.21.10.3 GCR Block Ack BlockAckReq and BlockAck frame exchanges ............. 156
9.23 Protection mechanisms .............................................................................................................. 156
9.23.5 L-SIG TXOP protection .............................................................................................. 156
9.23.5.3 L-SIG TXOP protection rules at the TXOP responder.............................. 156
9.23.6 Protection Rules for VHT STAs.................................................................................. 156
9.25 Reverse Direction Protocol........................................................................................................ 156
9.25.1 Reverse direction (RD) exchange sequence ................................................................ 156
9.25.3 Rules for RD initiator .................................................................................................. 157
9.25.4 Rules for responder...................................................................................................... 157
9.26 PSMP operation ......................................................................................................................... 157
9.26.1 Frame transmission mechanism during PSMP............................................................ 157
xvi Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.
9.26.1.2 PSMP downlink transmission (PSMP-DTT)............................................. 157
9.27 Sounding PPDUs ....................................................................................................................... 158
9.28 Link adaptation .......................................................................................................................... 158
9.28.2 Link adaptation using the HT variant
HT Control field .............................................. 158
9.28.3 Link adaptation using the VHT variant HT Control field ........................................... 159
9.29 Transmit beamforming .............................................................................................................. 162
9.29.1 General
HT steering matrix calculations ..................................................................... 162
9.29.2 HT t
Transmit beamforming with implicit feedback.................................................... 162
9.29.2.1 General....................................................................................................... 162
9.29.2.3 Bidirectional implicit transmit beamforming ............................................ 164
9.29.2.4 Calibration ................................................................................................. 164
9.29.3 Explicit feedback beamforming................................................................................... 164
9.29.4 VHT MU beamforming ............................................................................................... 165
9.30 Antenna selection (ASEL)......................................................................................................... 165
9.30.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 165
9.31 Null data packet (NDP) sounding.............................................................................................. 165
9.31.1 NDP rules .................................................................................................................... 165
9.31.2 Transmission of an HT
NDP ....................................................................................... 167
9.31.3 Determination of HT
NDP destination........................................................................ 167
9.31.4 Determination of HT
NDP source ............................................................................... 167
9.31.5 VHT sounding protocol............................................................................................... 168
9.31.5.1 General....................................................................................................... 168
9.31.5.2 Rules for VHT sounding protocol sequences ............................................ 168
9.31.5.3 Rules for fragmented feedback in VHT sounding protocol sequences ..... 172
9.31.6 Transmission of a VHT NDP ...................................................................................... 173
10. MLME .................................................................................................................................................. 174
10.1 Synchronization ......................................................................................................................... 174
10.1.3 Maintaining synchronization ....................................................................................... 174
10.1.3.2 Beacon generation in non-DMG infrastructure networks ......................... 174
10.2 Power management.................................................................................................................... 174
10.2.1 Power management in a non-DMG infrastructure network ........................................ 174
10.2.1.17 TIM broadcast............................................................................................ 174
10.2.1.19 VHT TXOP power save ............................................................................ 175
10.3 STA authentication and association........................................................................................... 176
10.3.5 Association, reassociation, and disassociation ............................................................ 176
10.3.5.3 PCP/AP association receipt procedures..................................................... 176
10.3.5.5 PCP/AP reassociation receipt procedures.................................................. 176
10.8 TPC procedures.......................................................................................................................... 176
10.8.2 Association based on transmit power capability ......................................................... 176
10.8.3a Interpretation of transmit power capability ................................................................. 177
10.8.4 Specification of regulatory and local maximum transmit power levels ...................... 177
10.9 DFS procedures.......................................................................................................................... 178
10.9.3 Quieting channels for testing....................................................................................... 178
10.11 Radio measurement procedures................................................................................................. 179
10.11.9 Specific measurement usage........................................................................................ 179
10.11.9.1 Beacon Report ........................................................................................... 179
10.11.9.3 Channel Load Report................................................................................. 180
10.11.9.4 Noise Histogram Report ............................................................................ 181
10.11.18AP Channel Report...................................................................................................... 181
10.15 20/40 MHz BSS operation......................................................................................................... 181
10.15.2 Basic 20/40 MHz BSS functionality ........................................................................... 181
10.15.8 Support for DSSS/CCK in 40 MHz............................................................................. 182
Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. xvii
10.15.9 STA CCA sensing in a 20/40 MHz BSS ..................................................................... 182
10.15.12Switching between 40 MHz and 20 MHz ................................................................... 182
10.16 Phased coexistence operation (PCO).........................................................................................182
10.16.1 General description of PCO......................................................................................... 182
10.17 20/40 BSS Coexistence Management frame usage ................................................................... 183
10.22 Tunneled direct link setup.......................................................................................................... 183
10.22.1 General......................................................................................................................... 183
10.22.6 TDLS channel switching ............................................................................................. 184
10.22.6.3 TDLS channel switching and power saving .............................................. 184
10.22.6.4 Setting up a wide bandwidth off-channel direct link................................. 184
10.25 Quality-of-Service management frame (QMF) ......................................................................... 185
10.25.1 General......................................................................................................................... 185
10.25.1.2 Default QMF policy................................................................................... 185
10.39 VHT BSS operation................................................................................................................... 186
10.39.1 Basic VHT BSS functionality...................................................................................... 186
10.39.2 Channel selection methods for a VHT BSS ................................................................ 187
10.39.3 Scanning requirements for VHT STA ......................................................................... 188
10.39.4 Channel switching methods for a VHT BSS ............................................................... 188
10.39.5 NAV assertion in a VHT BSS ..................................................................................... 191
10.39.6 VHT STA antenna indication ...................................................................................... 191
10.39.7 BSS basic VHT-MCS and NSS set operation ............................................................. 191
10.40 Group ID management operation ..............................................................................................191
10.41 Notification of operating mode changes.................................................................................... 192
11. Security................................................................................................................................................. 195
11.4 RSNA confidentiality and integrity protocols ........................................................................... 195
11.4.3 CTR with CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP)..................................................................... 195
11.4.3.1 General....................................................................................................... 195
11.4.3.2 CCMP MPDU format................................................................................ 195
11.4.3.3 CCMP cryptographic encapsulation.......................................................... 196
11.4.3.4 CCMP decapsulation ................................................................................. 196
11.4.4 Broadcast/Multicast Integrity Protocol (BIP).............................................................. 196
11.4.4.1 BIP overview ............................................................................................. 196
11.4.4.5 BIP transmission........................................................................................ 197
11.4.4.6 BIP reception ............................................................................................. 197
11.4.5 GCM with Galois Message Authentication Code (GMAC) Protocol (GCMP) .......... 198
11.4.5.1 GCMP overview ........................................................................................ 198
11.5 RSNA security association management................................................................................... 198
11.5.3 RSNA policy selection in an ESS................................................................................ 198
11.5.5 RSNA policy selection in an IBSS and for DLS ......................................................... 198
11.5.7 RSNA policy selection in an MBSS............................................................................ 199
11.6 Keys and key distribution .......................................................................................................... 199
11.6.1 Key hierarchy .............................................................................................................. 199
11.6.1.2 PRF ............................................................................................................ 199
11.6.1.3 Pairwise key hierarchy............................................................................... 200
11.6.1.7 FT key hierarchy........................................................................................ 202
11.6.2 EAPOL-Key frames .................................................................................................... 204
11.6.3 EAPOL-Key frame construction and processing ........................................................ 205
11.7 Mapping EAPOL keys to IEEE 802.11 keys............................................................................. 205
11.7.7 Mapping IGTK to BIP keys......................................................................................... 205
13. MLME mesh procedures ...................................................................................................................... 206
xviii Copyright © 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved.
13.2 Mesh discovery.......................................................................................................................... 206
13.2.4 Mesh STA configuration ............................................................................................. 206
13.2.7 Candidate peer mesh STA ........................................................................................... 206
18. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) PHY specification .......................................... 207
18.2 OFDM PHY specific service parameter list .............................................................................. 207
18.2.2 TXVECTOR parameters ............................................................................................. 207
18.2.2.1 General....................................................................................................... 207
18.2.2.7 TXVECTOR CH_BANDWIDTH_IN_NON_HT .................................... 207
18.2.2.8 TXVECTOR DYN_BANDWIDTH_IN_NON_HT ................................. 207
18.2.3 RXVECTOR parameters ............................................................................................. 208
18.2.3.1 General....................................................................................................... 208
18.2.3.7 RXVECTOR CH_BANDWIDTH_IN_NON_HT .................................... 208
18.2.3.8 RXVECTOR DYN_BANDWIDTH_IN_NON_HT ................................. 208
18.3 OFDM PLCP sublayer............................................................................................................... 208
18.3.2 PLCP frame format...................................................................................................... 208
18.3.2.2 Overview of the PPDU encoding process ................................................. 208
18.3.5 DATA field.................................................................................................................. 209
18.3.5.5 PLCP DATA scrambler and descrambler ................................................. 209
18.3.9 PMD transmit specifications ....................................................................................... 211
18.3.9.3 Transmit spectrum mask............................................................................ 211
18.3.9.7 Modulation accuracy ................................................................................. 211
19. Extended Rate PHY (ERP) specification ............................................................................................. 212
19.3 Extended Rate PLCP sublayer................................................................................................... 212
19.3.3 PLCP data modulation and rate change....................................................................... 212
19.3.3.4 Long and short DSSS-OFDM PLCP format ............................................. 212
20. High Throughput (HT) PHY specification........................................................................................... 213
20.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 213
20.1.1 Introduction to the HT PHY ........................................................................................ 213
20.3 HT PLCP sublayer..................................................................................................................... 213
20.3.10 Transmission of NON_HT format PPDUs with more than one antenna
transmit
chain............................................................................................................................. 213
20.3.11 Data field ..................................................................................................................... 213
20.3.11.3 Scrambler................................................................................................... 213
20.3.20 PMD transmit specification ......................................................................................... 213
20.3.20.1 Transmit spectrum mask............................................................................ 213
20.3.20.7 Modulation accuracy ................................................................................. 213
22. Very High Throughput (VHT) PHY specification ............................................................................... 214
22.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 214
22.1.1 Introduction to the VHT PHY ..................................................................................... 214
22.1.2 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 215
22.1.3 VHT PHY functions .................................................................................................... 215
22.1.3.1 General....................................................................................................... 215
22.1.3.2 PHY management entity (PLME) ............................................................. 215
22.1.3.3 Service specification method..................................................................... 215
22.1.4 PPDU formats..............................................................................................................215
22.2 VHT PHY service interface....................................................................................................... 216
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