Ultralow-threshold cascaded Brillouin microlaser
for tunable microwave generation
CHANGLEI GUO,KAIJUN CHE,ZHIPING CAI,SHUAI LIU,GUOQIANG GU,CHENGXU CHU,PAN ZHANG,
H
ONGYAN FU,ZHENGQIAN LUO, AND HUIYING XU*
School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
*Corresponding author: xuhy@xmu.edu.cn
Received 20 August 2015; revised 21 September 2015; accepted 26 September 2015; posted 28 September 2015 (Doc. ID 248220);
published 22 October 2015
We experimentally demonstrate an ultralow-threshold cas-
caded Brillouin microlaser for tunable microwave generation
in a high-Q silica microsphere resonator. The threshold of
the Brillouin microlaser is as low as 8 μW, which is close to
the the oretical prediction. Moreover, the fifth-order Stokes
line with a frequency shift up to 55 GHz is achieved with a
coupled pump power of less than 0.6 mW. Benefiting from
resonant wavelength shifts driven by thermal dynamics in the
microsphere, we further realized tunable microwave signals
with tuning ranges of 40 MHz at an 11 GHz band and
20 MHz at a 22 GHz band. To the best of our knowledge,
it was the first attempt for tunable microwave source based
on the whispering-gallery-mode Brillouin microlaser. Such
a tunable microwave source from a cascaded Brillouin mi-
crolaser could find significant applications in aerospace,
communication engineering, and metrology.
© 2015
Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: (140.4780) Optical resonators; (290.5900) Scattering,
stimulated Brillouin; (350.4010) Microwaves.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.40.004971
In the past two decades, linear/nonlinear optical and radio-
frequency (RF) conversions [1–4] have been realized based on
the whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonators with ultrahigh
quality factors and low mode volumes [5–8]; of these, stimu-
lated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has attracted much attention for
the potential applications in high coherence lasers [9], micro-
wave synthesizers [10 ], fast and slow light generation [11], and
nonreciprocal light storage [12]. The physical regime of SBS is
coherent light and phonon interaction in which an acoustic
phonon and a Stokes photon are generated with a pump pho-
ton annihilating. Both the forward-SBS (F-SBS) and backward-
SBS (B-SBS) require momentum and energy conservations among
the pump mode, acoustic mode, and Stokes mode. In B-SBS,
the frequency shift is usually several GHz in most solids. For
instance, it is about 11 GHz in silica glass [13] and 8.3 GHz in
a BaF
2
crystal [14] in the 1.55 μm waveband. Silica WGM
Brillouin lasers have been reported with the lasing thresholds
of tens of microwatts [8,9]. CaF
2
[15] and BaF
2
[14] crystalline
WGM resonators have also been utilized for Brillouin lasers, and
microwatt threshold was achieved with a Q factor in excess of 10
9
.
Increasing the pump power beyond the threshold could lead
to cascaded SBS, in which each Stokes line acts as a pump for the
next Stokes line. The linewidth of Brillouin laser is usually narrower
than that of the pump, which makes it an excellent platform for
generating low-phase noise microwave signals from several GHz to
tens of GHz [10,16]. A compact photonic microwave source has
great advantages over other traditional electronic counterparts to
meet a growing number of challenges with decreasing size and in-
creasing frequency. The beat notes between pump and Stokes lines
or between Stokes lines of the cascaded WGM Brillouin laser make
it possible for the microwave source with low-power consumption
and a small footprint. Even though a fixed-frequency microwave
source has been reported with an on-chip cascaded WGM
Brillouin laser [10], the tunable microwave generation is still
expected for special applications in aerospace, communication
engineering, and metrology. High circulating power in micro-
resonators can lead to strong thermal dynamics [17–19] that
drive resonant wavelengths shifting. Thus, the microwave
frequencies generated by a cascaded WGM Brillouin microlaser
can be tuned by controlling the related wavelength shifts.
In this Letter, an ultralow-threshold cascaded Brillouin mi-
crolaser at 1550 nm, based on a high-Q WGM microresonator,
is demonstrated, and tunable microwave generation is further
achieved by using thermal dynamics in the microsphere. The
threshold of Brillouin lasing is as low as 8 μW, which could be
comparable with the lowest threshold (3 μW) in WGM reso-
nators reported previously [15]. Up to five Stokes lines in both
the backward and forward directions are achieved with a coupled
pump power of less than 0.6 mW. Moreover, microwave signals
with frequencies around 11 and 22 GHz are generated, and fre-
quency tuning ranges about 40 MHz at the 11 GHz band and
20 MHz at the 22 GHz band are realized based on the WGM
Brillouin microlaser.
The pump scheme for Brillouin lasing and the experimental
setup are shown in Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 1(a), when the pump
wavelength is scanned across the pump WGM ω
p
, the
Brillouin lasing at the Stokes WGM ω
s
with 11 GHz red-shift
could be expected if the absorbed pump power is beyond the
threshold. The silica microsphere in this work [the inset of
Letter
Vol. 40, No. 21 / November 1 2015 / Optics Letters 4971
0146-9592/15/214971-04$15/0$15.00 © 2015 Optical Society of America